Anatomy Lecture Chapter 01

Anatomy AKA Morphology

Study of Structure of human body

Physiology

Study of body Function

Microscopic Anatomy

 study of structures that cannot be viewed by the unaided eye 

Gross Anatomy AKA Macroscopic Anatomy

study the structure and relationship of large body parts that are visible to the unaided eye (Intestines, stomach, brain, heart, and kidneys)

Comparative Anatomy

examines the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species 

Developmental Anatomy

investigates the changes in structures within an individual from conception through maturity

Embryology

study of the origin and development of the organism, from fertilization of the secondary oocyte until birth. 

Regional Anatomy

examines all the structures in a particular region of the body as one complete unit (skin, connective tissue, fat, bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels of the neck)

Surface Anatomy

examines both superficial anatomic marlins and internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them.

Systemic Anatomy

studies the gross anatomy of each system in the body. (studying the urinary system would involve examining kidneys, where urine is formed) 

Pathologic Anatomy AKA Pathology

examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease 

Radiographic Anatomy

studies the relationship among internal structures that may be visualized by specific medical imaging procedures (ultrasounds, magnetic resonance imaging MRI, or x-ray) 

 Sequence the order of the hierarchy of complexity (from simplest to most complex & vice versa)

Simplest to Most Complex: Atom -> Molecule -> Organelle -> Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System 

Most Complex to Simplest: Organ System -> Organ -> Tissue -> Cell -> Organelle -> Molecule -> Atom  

Identify an example of an Atom

Carbon (C)

Identify an example of a Molecule

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Identify an example of an Organelle

Nucleus

Identify an example of a Cell

 Muscle Cell

Identify an example of a Tissue

Connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial

Identify an example of a Organ

Heart, lung liver, brain, and spinal cord

Name the smallest living unit

Cell

Anatomical Position AKA Zero Position

Person Stands erect with toes & eyes forward, palms face forward with thumbs pointed away from body

Axial Region AKA Axis of body

includes the head, neck, and trunk 

Appendicular region

includes the  Appendages/limbs - upper limbs (arms) and lower limbs (legs) including their attachments to the body

Abdominal

region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones

Antebrachial

Forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist) 

Antecubital

Region anterior to the elbow; also known as the cubital region

Auricular

Visible surface structures of the ear

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Arm (the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow)

Buccal

Cheek

Calcaneal

Heel of the foot

Carpal

Wrist

Cephalic

Head

Cervical

Neck

Coxal

 Hip

Cranial

Skull

Crural

Leg (the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle)

Deltoid

Shoulder

Digital

fingers or toes (also called phalangeal)

Dorsal

Back

Femoral

Thigh

Fibular

 Lateral aspect of the leg

Frontal

Forehead

Gluteal

Buttock

Hallux

 Great toe

Inguinal

Groin (sometimes used to indicate just the crease in the junction of the thigh with the trunk)

Lumbar

the “small of the back”: the inferior part of the back between the ribs and the pelvis

Mammary

Breast

Manus

Hand

Mental

Chin

Nasal

Nose

Occipital

Posterior (back)  aspect of the head

Olecranal

Posterior (back) aspect of the elbow

Oral

Mouth

Orbital

Eye

Palmar

Palm of the hand

Patellar

kneecap

Pectoral

Chest, includes the mammary region

Pelvic

Pelvis

Perineal

Diamond-shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and selected external reproductive organs 

Pes

Foot

Plantar

Sole of the foot

Pollex

Thumb

Popliteal

Area posterior to the knee

Pubic

anterior posterior to the knee

Radial

Lateral aspect (thumb side) of the forearm

Sacral

Posterior region between the hip bones

Scapular

Shoulder blade

Sternal

 Anterior middle region of the thorax

Sural

Calf (posterior part of the leg)

Tarsal

Proximal part of foot and ankle

Thoracic

Part of torso superior to thoracic diaphragm; contains the pectoral, axillary, and sternal regions

Tibial

medial aspect of the leg

Ulnar

medial aspect (pinky side) of the forearm

Umbilical

navel

Vertebral

Spinal column

Medial

Toward the midline of the body; the lungs are medial to the shoulders

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; the arms are lateral to the heart

 Intermediate

in between; the clavicle is intermediate between the sternum and shoulder 

 Anterior AKA Ventral

towards the front of the body; the sternum is anterior to the heart

Posterior AKA Dorsal

toward the back of the body; the spine is posterior to the sternum

Superior

Closer to the head (up); the chest is superior to the pelvis

Inferior

Closer to the feet (Down); the stomach is inferior to the heart 

Superficial AKA external

towards the body surface; the skin is superficial to the muscles)

Deep AKA internal

away from the body surface; the heart is deep to the rub cage

Proximal

 Closest to point of attachment to trunk; the elbow is proximal to the hand

Distal

Furthest from point of attachment to trunk; the wrist is distal to the elbow

Ipsilateral

on the same side; the right arm is ipsilateral to the right leg

Contralateral

on opposites sides; the right arm is contralateral to the left leg

Frontal plane AKA Coronal Plane

divided body into anterior(front) & posterior (back)  parts

 Transverse plane AKA horizontal plane

divides body into superior (top) & inferior (bottom) parts

 Oblique Plane

divides body at an angle

 Sagittal Plane

divide body into Right & Left parts

 Median plane AKA midsagittal plane

sagittal plane that runs along midline (only one)

Parasigital Plane

Sagittal plane offset from midline (very many of these planes)

Cranial Cavity

formed by the cranium; houses the brain

Thoracic Cavity

Chest cavity; order anteriorly and laterally by chest wall and inferiorly by diaphragm; contains heat and lungs 

Pleural Cavity

Lateral regions associated with the lungs; house the lungs 

Mediastinum

central region of the thoracic cavity; contains the pericardial cavity, heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels

Abdominal cavity

located below the diaphragm; contains liver; stomach, kidneys & other organs