Social Psych Final Questions

Jones and Harris had students read debaters' speeches either supporting orattacking Cuban leader Fidel Castro. When the students were later told that the debater's position had been assigned, they...

concluded that to some extent the speech reflected the speaker's true beliefs.

Hastrof and Cantrol (1954) found that Princeton students identified twice as manyDartmouth violations as Dartmouth when each watched the game. This suggests...

humans' tendency to prejudge reality based on expectations

Lola visits Trish in Weston, CT. At some point, Lola asks Trish whether there is a lotof crime in Weston. Although crime rarely occurs there, Trish recalls a recent newsstory about a Weston drug store robbery. On the basis of this memory, she ten tellsLola that there is a lot of crime in Weston. This scenario illustrates reliance on the__________ heuristic

availability

An explanation for why the bronze Olympic medalist is incredibly happy (comparedto silver medalist) is?

emotional amplification

Jamal watches how his new boyfriend reacts to a performer at a comedy club. Is hereasily amused or is the comedian really that funny? If he compares his boyfriend'sresponse to the comedian to other people in the audience, he is focusing on__________ information

consensus

The actor-observer diDerence is the tendency to make __________ attributions forone's own behavior, while making __________ attributions for others' behavior

situational; dispositional

In her debate class, Mischa was assigned to give a "pro-life" speech on abortion.Before her speech, the teacher told everyone that Mischa had been assigned to takethis position, regardless of her true beliefs. Research on the fundamental attributionerror suggests that, after class, the other students will...

be biased to think that Mischa is truly pro-life

Barbara mostly chooses to watch new programs that support her political beliefswhile avoiding news programs that may disagree with her views. This is an exampleof the...

motivated confirmation bias

A friend asks for a ride to the airport next month and you say yes, because you likehelping friends. And then the day before the ride, you wish you hadn't said yes, asyou think about the time it will take and the gas money it will cost. Thisdemonstrates what theory?

construal level theory

Flora will most likely attribute Jeremy's quiet, shy behavior to his introvertedpersonality when..

consistency is high, and consensus and distinctiveness are low

If your professor reminds you to "remember who you are" before taking an exam,what are they relying on to curb cheating behavior?

making potent your attitude about honesty

Tina is a congresswoman who wants to promote anti-discrimination laws for LGBTpeople so they cannot be fired by their employers as a result of their LGBT identities.She wants to know how to convince her conservative colleagues that these laws arenecessary. According to moral foundations theory and diDerences between liberalsand conservatives' moral foundations, what should Tina do that would MOST likelyconvince conservatives to support this issue?

Tina should discuss this issue as about loyalty to American citizens andpurity; with anti-discrimination laws, more LGBT people will have jobs andcontribute to the economic system rather than be susceptible tohomelessness and welfare

According to research on the role of touch, what statement is NOT true?

People have dificulty understanding the emotional meaning of such nonverbal cues as touch

Malena is asked to choose between two music albums she likes equally well. Aftershe finally makes her choice, her attitude toward the album she didn't choose islikely to..

change such that she reports liking the album less than she initially did

Self-perception theory is most applicable in cases in which.

attitudes are weak and ambiguous

According to the information presented on the impact of emotions on reasoning,what statement is NOT true?

positive emotions foster simplistic thinking

Ekman and Friesen's famous 1971 study with the Fore in Papua, New Guinea,demonstrated that.

the Fore could accurately identify the emotions Western faces weredisplaying in photographs, and college students from Western countriescould accurately identify the emotions the Fore displayed in photographs

Jim spends three years in graduate school training to become a clinical socialworker. His first job out of graduate school is, in actuality, horrible. Briefly, Jimworries that he has made the wrong choice for his career. But he quickly changes hismind and decides that, although it isn't his dream job, the position is not that badafter all. The most likely social psychological explanation for this attitude change isthat..

Jim's need to justify the effort he put into his training has altered his attitude to be more favorable toward the job

A friend invites you to a race. You are unsure if you really like raves, but you go to bewith your friend. While at the rave you find yourself dancing and having a good time.When reflecting on your attitudes the next day, you realize that your attitudes towardraves have changed. What can explain this attitude shift?

the power of role playing to shift attitudes

In the Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) study on cognitive dissonance, whichparticipants showed the most attitude change and why?

the $1 group because they had insuficient justification

Joanna does not think carefully and deliberately about what a politician says duringa debate. Instead, she attends to the politician's winning smile and boyish goodlooks. Joanna is taking to the __________ route to persuasion

peripheral

According to research on informational social influence, Anton is more likely toagree with the recommendations of others on the best tax-preparation company touse if he...

does not know much about tax preparation

Nancy is gathering information about diDerent cars in order to decide which car shewants to buy. According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, Nancywill be more likely to process this information through the central route if..

she is personally motivated to devote time and energy to the information

If you want to __________, you should rely on attitude inoculation.

increase your resistance to attitude change

The self-validation hypothesis states that..

feeling confident about one's thoughts serves as a form of validation

Recall that Sherif (1936) showed participants a point of light in a completelydarkened room and asked them to judge the light's movement. The results from thisstudy suggest that people..

often change their own judgments in accordance with others' judgments

Imagine that you have to convince an audience to adopt your opinion on health carereform, but the specific arguments that your team has selected for yourpresentation are weak. According to research on attitude change, what should you do to increase your chances of being persuasive despite your weak arguments?

state your arguments with confidence

Hank attends a focus group where he and five other men are asked to rate threelawn mowers. Hank knows a lot about lawn mowers and is certain that lawn mowerA is superior and deserves the highest rating. However, the rest of the men say thatlawn mower B is the best. If Hank ends up publicly agreeing with the rest of thegroup, he has probably succumbed to.

normative social influence

Both Sherif's autokinetic illusion study (1936) and Asch's line study (1951)demonstrated the eDect of conformity on an individual's decision making; however,

the each captured diDerent aspects of conformity. The results of Sherif's studyreflected __________ social influence whereas Asch's study reflected __________social influence

informational; normative

About __________ percent of the participants in Milgram's original experimentdelivered the maximum shock of 450 volts

65%

Vivica finds Dion physically attractive. Judging from his appearance, she assumesthat he is also outgoing and honest. Vivica is displaying the..

halo effect

Recall the Sherif and his colleagues (1961) conducted the Robbers Caveexperiment, which generated conflict between two groups of boys. This studyshowed that.

a superordinate goal reduced intergroup conflict

Ron feels strong hostility toward his new neighbor of a diDerent religion. What termbest describes what Ron is feeling?

prejudice

Which of the following is one of the behaviors discussed in the text that couples cando to build stronger romantic bonds?

all of the answers are correct

Research suggests that people tend to perceive more variability of habit and opinionamong members of the ingroup than they do among members of the outgroup. Theterm to describe this is.

outgroup homogeneity

Alec thinks that members of a particular group are hostile, and therefore he actstoward them in a guarded manner. As a result, Alec may elicit a coldness inmembers of that group that he sees as proof of their hostility. This scenario is anexample of.

the self-fulfilling prophecy

Recall that Steele and Aronson (1995) showed that black participants performedrelatively poorly on a test when they were led to believe it was a particularly goodmeasure of intellectual ability. This finding can be explained by

stereotype threat

Rusbult's investment model of commitment holds that three factors determine howcommitted people will be to their relationship. These factors are..

satisfaction, alternatives, and investment

Recall that Festinger and his colleagues (1950) conducted research at a universityhousing project called Westgate West. Among other things, they examinedfriendship formation among apartment residents. The results showed that theresidents living near the stairwells formed twice as many friendships with upstairsneighbors as those living in the middle apartments, which were further from thestairs. These results illustrate the impact of __________ on friendship formation.

functional distance

Barbara wants Jason, her new coworker, to like her. All of the following couldincrease the likelihood that Jason will like Barbara EXCEPT..

disagreeing with Jason so that he will see she can think for herself

Early studies showed that decisions made in groups were riskier than decisionmade on one's own. Later research, however, showed that group decisions are notalways riskier than individual decisions but do tend to be more extreme. Thisphenomenon is captured by the concept of..

group polarization

Research on social __________ suggests that performance __________ when newunlearned tasks are performed in the presence of others.

facilitation; suffers

I think that an emergency might be happening, but when I look around, no one else is reacting. What term from the helping lecture describes this?

pluralistic ignorance

Which idea in the helping literature can be explained both by an evolutionary andsocial norms perspective on helping?

reciprocity

Several military Dicials meet to plan a battle strategy. Captain Biggs thinks thatGeneral Olsen's strategy will be in Dective and deadly for American soldiers, but

Biggs does not speak out. He is worried that others will see him as an ignorantcoward. Biggs's response in this situation best illustrates how the concept of__________ applies to groupthink

self-censorship

Angela and her younger brother, Bernie, have a history of fighting. One day, Angelathreatens Bernie in order to force him to give up a toy with which she wants to play.Then Bernie gets so angry at her that he screams, "I hate you!" Angela isdemonstrating __________, and Bernie is demonstrating __________ aggression.

instrumental; hostile

The Good Samaritan study of helping demonstrated what important point?

situations more than personal character predict helping

Kendrick is angry after being insulted by a classmate. Which of the followingbehaviors is LEAST likely to reduce the chances that Kendrick will later behaveaggressively toward his classmate?

hitting a punching bag while keeping the imagine of the insulting classmate inmind

Which children, according to research, are most likely to be aggressive?

frustrated

Clayton grew up in a so-called culture of honor. Research conducted by Nisbett andCohen (1996) and by Cohen and colleagues (1996) suggests that, compared tosomeone who did not group up in this kind of cultures, Clayton is more likely to actaggressively.

when someone calls his girlfriend ugly

Social psychology is defined as the scientific study of how people

think about, influence, and relate to one another

Which of the following best describes the fundamental attribution error

The tendency to overestimate the influence of personal traits andunderestimate the role of situational factors in others' behavior

What does the term "construal" refer to in socialpsychology?

The way individuals interpret and make sense of their social world.

Which of the following best describes the naturalistic fallacy in social psychology?

The assumption that what is "natural" is always morally goodor desirable

Which of the following best distinguishes an independentself-construal from an interdependent self-construal?

An independent self-construal prioritizes individual autonomy and personal goals, while an interdependent self-construal emphasizes connectedness and social roles

Which of the following best describes the "better-than-averageeffect"

The tendency to rate oneself as better than the average person onvarious traits or abilities

How does immune neglect contribute to inaccuratepredictions of future feelings?

People overestimate the emotional impact of negative events,failing to account for their ability to cope

Which of the following best describes the concept ofunrealistic optimism?

The belief that negative events are more likely to happen to others than to oneself.

Self-schemas are

knowledge-based summaries of our beliefs andfeelings about the self in particular domains.

According to Festinger's (1954) social comparisontheory, people often form judgments about their traits andabilities by comparing themselves with others. According tothe theory, this process is most likely to occur when

people have no objective standard by which to judgethemselves.