Hydrocarbons -(Organic/Nuclear Chemistry)

Hydrocarbons

Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen

Saturated hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons in which each carbon atom in the molecule forms four single covalent bonds with other atoms

Alkanes

Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds

Models given for alkanes with one to four carbon atoms

Molecular formulas, structural formulas, and space filling models

Homologous series

Compounds that differ by one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms

Squalane

An alkane with the formula C₃₀H₆₂ (exists and is a component in some moisturizers)

For alkanes with three or fewer carbon atoms,

Only one molecular structure is possible

For alkanes with four or more carbon atoms

Have structural isomers

Two possible structural isomers for alkanes with four carbon atoms

Butane, 2-methypropane

The number of structural isomers increases greatly as

The number of carbon atoms increases

Cycloalkanes

Alkanes in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring, or cyclic, structure

Meth-

1

Eth-

2

Prop-

3

But-

4

Pent-

5

Hex-

6

Hept-

7

Oct-

8

Non-

9

Dec-

10

Alkyl groups

Groups of atoms that are formed when one hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane molecule

How alkyl groups are named

By replacing the suffix -ane of the parent alkane with the suffix -yl

Natural gas

A fossil fuel composed primarily of alkanes containing one to four carbon atoms

Liquid alkanes

Kerosene and gasoline

Petroleum

A complex mixture of different hydrocarbons that varies greatly in composition

Fractional distillaction

Components of a mixture are separated on the bases of boiling point, by condensation of vapor in a fractionating column

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons in which not all carbon atoms have four single covalent bonds

What an unsaturated hydrocarbon has

One or more double bonds or triple bonds

Alkenes

Hydrocarbons that contain double covalent bonds

Ethylene

Ethene; the smallest alkene

Ethene

The hydrocarbon commercially produced in the greatest quantity in the United States

Alkynes

Hydrocarbons with triple covalent bonds

Alkynes are

Nonpolar and exhibit the same trends in boiling points and physical states as other hydrocarbons

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons that have six-membered carbon rings and delocalized electrons

Benzene

The primary aromatic hydrocarbon