chemisty unit 3 exam

limiting reagent or reactant

A _________ or _________ is a substance that has been wholly consumed in a chemical reaction. An example is 4 moles of Hydrogen and 2 moles of Oxygen will only make two moles of water as there will be no more Oxygen to make water even though there is enough Hydrogen.

Acetate

C2H3O2 -

Carbonate

CO3 2-

Hydroxide

OH -

Nitrate

NO3 -

Phosphate

PO4 3-

Ammonium

NH4 +

Sulfate

SO4 -

Ionic compounds

cations (metal) & anions (nonmetals) bound by _____ bonds.

Epsom salt, MgSO, MgSO4 ions

1:1 ratio {Mg 2+ (SO4)2-}

formula unit

smallest, electrically neutral collection of ions. ex: NaCl ions, 1:1 ratio

Molecular compounds

2+ covalently bonded nonmetals. Water is composed of H20 molecules.

lonic Compounds:

Writing Formulas and Names

Sum of charges of cations (+) must equal sum of charges of anions (-)

Smallest whole number ratio

__________ are overall neutral!

Write & name cations first

percent yield

Percent yield is the ratio of the actual yield of a product from a chemical reaction to the theoretical yield, expressed as a percentage. It helps measure the efficiency of a reaction, indicating how much product was actually obtained compared to what was expected.

Molarity Formula

Molarity (M) = # moles of solute / volume of solution in Liters

M = moles / volume

Internal Energy Symbol

U

Symbol for Work

W

Symbol for Enthalpy

H

Standard State Symbol

°

What are Standard State Conditions?

typically defined as a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius (298.15 K), a pressure of 1 atmosphere (101.325 kPa), and a concentration of 1 mole per liter for solutions for thermodynamic calculations