GHII Quiz #3 - Absolutism, Limited Monarchy, Baroque vs. Renaissance Art, and The Scientific Revolution (Early Enlightenment)

Louis XIV

Centralized power in France; Built Versailles to control nobles socially and politically. Revoked Edict of Nantes → enforced religious unity.

Francis Bacon

Scientific method based on inductive reasoning (observe → generalize). Build knowledge from experiments.

René Descartes

Emphasized deductive reasoning and mathematics. 'I think, therefore I am.' Helped create a new rational approach to science.

Copernicus

Heliocentric model (sun-centered universe). Challenged Ptolemaic/Church-supported geocentrism.

Kepler

Planets move in elliptical orbits, not perfect circles. Mathematical laws describing planetary motion.

Galileo

Telescope observations (moons of Jupiter, sunspots). Proved heavenly bodies were imperfect; supported heliocentrism; condemned by the Church.

Newton

Universal law of gravitation. Unified physics of earth + heavens; world operates like a machine governed by natural laws.

Montesquieu

Applied scientific method to politics; promoted separation of powers and checks and balances.

Voltaire

Critic of traditional religion; supported religious tolerance and deism.

Diderot

Editor of the Encyclopedia, meant to 'change the general way of thinking' and spread Enlightenment ideas.