ZOOL 2013 Exam 1

anatomy

describes the structures of the body

Divisons of anatomy

macro/micro anatomy

macro anatomy

BIG structures that can be seen without a microscope

mircoanatomy

structures that need a microscope in order to be seen

cytology

cells

histology

tissue

physiology

study of how structures work together

Study of function

"form follows ___________"

function

levels of structural organization of the human body

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organ, organ systems, organism

11 organ systems of the body

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions in the body ( anabolism + catabolism)

anabolism

small molecules combined to make large structures, uses energy

catabolism

breaks materials down, releases energy

requirements for life

-oxygen

-nutrients

-narrow range of temperature,

-narrow range of atmospheric pressure

homeostasis

all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment

failure to be in a homeostatic range causes what?

diseases

intrinsic regulation

internal response of cells, tissue, organs

extrinsic regulation

organ or system is controlled by an outside force like nervous system or endocrine

negative feedback loop

the body counteracts a change to restore homeostasis (balance)

four parts of a negative feedback loop

stimulus, sensor, control, effector

what's regulated by negative feedback loop?

body temperature

positive feedback loop

results in a change in the body's, rather than a return to homeostasis

what's an example of positive feedback loop?

child birth

anatomical postion

standing upright, facing forward, arms at side, palms facing forward

anterior view

front of the body

posterior view

back of body

directional terms to the human body

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

frontal plane (coronal)

divides body into front and back

transverse plane

divides the body into upper and lower sections

ventral cavity includes?

thoracic and abdominopelvic

dorsal cavity includes ?

cranial and spinal cavities

abdominal regions

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

Abdominalpelvic quadrants

right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

serous membrane

lines the pericardial cavity and covers the heart.

medical imaging

x ray, CT, MRI, PET, ultrasound

element

pure substance that cannot be broken down or created

compound

two or more elements join to make a new substance

atom

Smallest particle of an element

charges of atoms

protons (+)

Neutrons (no charge)

Electron (-)

which elements make of up 95% of the body

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

planetary model

electrons move around the nucleus in fixed, circular orbits

Electron Cloud Model

model of atom in which the electrons seem to form a cloud as they move around the nucleus

atomic number

number of protons in the nucleus

atomic mass

counts both protons and neutrons (1:1 ratio)

isotopes

the same element with different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons.

what happens to unusual isotopes?

since they are unstable and radioactive, they release extra neutrons as they decay

radioactive isotopes are used in what field?

medical

Atoms with equal number of protons and electrons are?

chemically neutral

ions

number of protons and electrons are different

cations

has more protons then electrons and are (+) charged

anions

has fewer protons than electrons and are (-) charged

oxidation

the loss of electrons

reduction

gain of electrons

molecule

two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

compound bond

molecule with two or more different types of atoms

ionic bond

close association between ions of opposite charge

covalent bonds

two atoms share electrons to fill their valence shell

hydrogen bonds

postive hydrogen is attracted to a negative molecule

chemical reaction

reaction occurs during the formation or breaking of chemical bonds

chemical reactions can be influenced by

temperature, molecule size, concentration of reactants and products, catalysts

decomposition reaction (catabolism)

breaks chemical bonds AB-->A+B

Synthesis Reaction (Anabolism)

forms chemical bonds; A + B ---> AB

exchange reaction (reversible)

reactants are rearranged AB --> A + B

activation energy

gets a reaction started

exergonic reactions

produces more energy than used

endergonic reactions

consumes more energy than produced

reactants

materials going into a reaction

products

materials coming out of a reaction

enzymes

proteins that lower the amount of activation energy required.

organic molecules and compounds are based on?

carbon and hydrogen

inorganic substances

water

salts

acid/bases

water

-makes up 70% if the human body

- universal solvent

- necessary for chemical reactions

- transfers heat around the body

salts

-dissolves in water into cations and anions

- electrolytes

-ions form ionic bonds

acids

dissolves to release a hydrogen ion (H+)(proton)

strong acid

releases all hydrogen into solution

weak acid

does not ionize completely

bases

dissolves to release a hydroxide ion (OH-)

strong base

releases all OH- into solution

weak base

does not ionize complete or can also use small amounts of H+ to create water

buffer

solution that consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base

acidosis

pH below 7.35

alkalosis

pH above 7.45

chemically neutral pH

7

pH scale

lower the pH, the greater aciditiy

the higher pH, the greater alkalinity(nuetral)

functional group

group of atoms bonded together to act as a single unit

carbohydrates are categorized by the number of?

monomers

monosaccharides

simple sugars / 1 carbon base (ex: glucose, fructose)

disaccharides

2 simple sugars (ex: sucrose and lactose)

polysaccharides

chains of simple sugars ( glycogen and starches)

Lipids are hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

fatty acids

chains of carbon and hydrogen that end in a carboxyl group

saturated acids

no double bonds

packed tightly together

max # of hydrogens

solid at room temp

a straight chain

unsaturated acids

has double bonds

causes structure to kink (bend or curve)

liquid at room temperature

triglycerides

most abundant lipids in your body and the richest source of energy

phospholipids

has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

two fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphate group

sterols/steroids

basis for cholesterols and hormones

ringed shaped

prostaglandin

includes leukotrienes

meditates blood pressure and inflammation

derived from unsaturated fatty acids

what is the most abundant organic molecule in the body that contains nitrogen?

proteins

what is the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids (20 different types)