Grade 10 AP Science Exam

Covalent bonds

mix of 2 non-metals

Ionic compound

two oppositely charged ions (usually non-metal and a metal)

Multivalent metals

they are metals with more than one ion charge. depending on the chemical reaction they can form different ions. Roman numerals are used to distinguish between the ions

Polyatomic ion

ion that is composed of more than one atom

Ternary compound

a compound composed of three different elements (HSO4)

Molecular compounds

composed of two or more different nonmetals, they share electrons

Molecular compounds

feature covalent bonds between molecules and are often referred to as covalent compounds

Chemical reaction

a process in which new substances with new properties are formed (ex. Change in colour, Change in temperature, Gas, New substance, Light, Bubbles

Reactant

a pure substance that undergoes a chemical change

Product

a pure substance formed in a chemical change. The properties of the products are different from properties of the reactants

Synthesis

(A + B → AB)

Decomposition

(AB → A + B)

Single displacement

(A + BC → AC + B)metal (A + BC → BA + C)

Double displacement

(AB + CD → AD + CB)

Evidence of chemical change

Gas formation, Precipitate formation, Change in odor, Change in color, Production of light and/ or heat (energy change)

Example of decomposition

TNT explosion

Single displacement reaction

a chemical reaction in which one element (a reactive metal or a nonmetal) takes the place of an element in a compound to produce another element and another compound

Double displacement reaction

a chemical reaction in which the positive ions of two different compounds exchange places resulting in the formation of two new compounds - one of which may be a precipitate

Synthesis

A + B = AB

Decomposition

AB = A + B

Single displacement

Where A is a metal - A + BC = AC + B

Where A is a non-metal

A + BC = BA + C

Double displacement

AB + CD = AD + CB

An acid is a compound that produces hydrogen ions

Corrosive, Reacts with metals, Conducts electricity

Binary acids

composed of two elements (hydrogen and a nonmetal) (Ex: Hydrochloric acid)

Metals can ___ in a reaction

only replace other metals

non-metals can ___ in a reaction

only replace other non-metals

Metals higher up on the activity series list

replace metals lower on the list during a single displacement reaction.

Acid

a compound that produces hydrogen ions H+(aq) when dissolved in water

Acids have

a sour taste

Acids are

corrosive and will react with metals

aqueous solutions of acid

conduct electricity

Oxyacids

composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and another element.

____ are compounds that form hydroxide ions OH- (aq) when dissolved in water

Bases

Bases have a ___ taste

bitter

Bases are ___ to the touch

slippery

Bases can cause serious ___ burns

chemical

Bases are ___ to skin

corrosive

Acidic

pH 0-7

Basic

pH 14-7

Neutral

pH = 7

pH (Power of Hydrogen)

the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

pH Indicators

substances that change colour to show the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.

Red and Blue Litmus Paper

A chemically treated indicator paper.

Blue litmus turns

red in acids

Red litmus turns

blue in bases

Cell

the smallest unit that can perform the functions of life

Microscopy

the science of using microscopes to view samples or objects

MIT

Medical Imaging Technology

Cellular respiration

a process that releases energy from organic molecules, especially carbohydrates such as glucose, in the presence of oxygen

The cell theory

(1) All living organisms are made of one or more cells (2)The cell is the basic organisational unit of life (3)All cells come from preexisting cells

Cell membrane

separates the inside of the cell from the external environment ; controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell

Cytoplasm

includes the cytosol, the organelles, and other life-supporting materials like sugar and water

Mitochondria

where energy is released from glucose to fuel cell activities

Ribosomes

help to produce proteins , which make up much of a cell's structure

Endoplasmic reticulum

a network of membrane-covered channels that transport materials made in the cell; is connected to the nucleus

Vesicles

membrane-covered sacs that transport and/ or store materials inside the cell and sometimes help these materials cross the cell membrane to enter or exit the cell

Golgi body

sorts and packages proteins and other molecules for transport out of the cell

Vacuoles

contain water and other materials and are used to store or transport small molecules ; plant cells tend to have one large vacuole ; animal cells may have several smaller vacuoles

Cell wall

a tough , rigid structure lying just outside a plant cell 's membrane ; provides support for the cell

Chloroplasts

traps energy from the Sun to make glucose

Chromosomes

thread-like structure made mostly of DNA, found in the nucleus

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

material found in the cell's nucleus that contains genetic information

Gene

a segment of DNA that controls protein

ER

endoplasmic reticulum

Carbohydrates

sugar

(T)AGC

Thymine

T(A)GC

Adenine

TA(G)C

Guanine

TAG(C)

Cytosine

Karyotype

a micrograph of the chromosomes in a person's cells (determine gender)

Transgenic organisms

an organism whose genetic information has been altered with the insertion of genes from another species (GMO)

Cloning

the process of creating identical genetic copies of an organism

Pros to cloning

copies are made of "superior" animals (increased milk and meat production)

Cons to cloning

may be less disease resistant

Mutation

a change in the DNA of an organism

Mutagen

a substance or a factor that can cause a mutation in DNA, ex: radiation, mercury, cigarette tar

Cell reproduction

the process where new cells are formed

Cells can either be produced ___ (from one parent cell) or ___ (from two parent cells)

asexually, sexually

Body cells

cells produced for growth and repair

In multicellular organisms

all body cells are also produced through this process

Diffusion

the movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

Osmosis

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membranes

Selectively permeable membrane

membrane where not all material can pass

Mitosis

the process by which the duplicated contents of the cell's nucleus divide into equal parts

Prior to mitosis

the DNA and the nucleus must be replicated

Phases

Interphase → mitosis → cytokinesis

Prophase

chromatids condense and chromosomes become visible

Metaphase

chromosomes align in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

centromere splits and chromatids are pulled to each side of the cell

Telophase

two daughter nuclei are formed

DNA replication

each chromosome is duplicated (creating sister chromatids) with the chromatids remaining attached to each other at the centromere

If it's not an X it's a ___ not a ___

chromatid, not a chromosome

Cell specialization

the process by which cells develop from similar cells into cells that have specific functions within a multicellular organism, cells specialized as a result of producing different proteins

Cell differentiation

a stage of development of a living organism during which specialized cells form

Tissue

a cluster of similar cells that share the same specialized structure and function

Organ

a combination of several types of tissue working together to perform specific function

Meristematic cell

undifferentiated plant cells

Vascular tissues

Xylem and Phloem

Xylem

dead tubular cells laid end-to-end, transport water and minerals from plant roots to other parts of the plant