Grade 10 AP Science Exam

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Covalent bonds

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100 Terms

1

Covalent bonds

mix of 2 non-metals

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Ionic compound

two oppositely charged ions (usually non-metal and a metal)

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Multivalent metals

they are metals with more than one ion charge. depending on the chemical reaction they can form different ions. Roman numerals are used to distinguish between the ions

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4

Polyatomic ion

ion that is composed of more than one atom

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Ternary compound

a compound composed of three different elements (HSO4)

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Molecular compounds

composed of two or more different nonmetals, they share electrons

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Molecular compounds

feature covalent bonds between molecules and are often referred to as covalent compounds

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Chemical reaction

a process in which new substances with new properties are formed (ex. Change in colour, Change in temperature, Gas, New substance, Light, Bubbles

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Reactant

a pure substance that undergoes a chemical change

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Product

a pure substance formed in a chemical change. The properties of the products are different from properties of the reactants

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Synthesis

(A + B → AB)

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Decomposition

(AB → A + B)

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Single displacement

(A + BC → AC + B)metal (A + BC → BA + C)

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Double displacement

(AB + CD → AD + CB)

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Evidence of chemical change

Gas formation, Precipitate formation, Change in odor, Change in color, Production of light and/ or heat (energy change)

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Example of decomposition

TNT explosion

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Single displacement reaction

a chemical reaction in which one element (a reactive metal or a nonmetal) takes the place of an element in a compound to produce another element and another compound

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Double displacement reaction

a chemical reaction in which the positive ions of two different compounds exchange places resulting in the formation of two new compounds - one of which may be a precipitate

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Synthesis

A + B = AB

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Decomposition

AB = A + B

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21

Single displacement

Where A is a metal - A + BC = AC + B

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Where A is a non-metal

A + BC = BA + C

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Double displacement

AB + CD = AD + CB

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24

An acid is a compound that produces hydrogen ions

Corrosive, Reacts with metals, Conducts electricity

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Binary acids

composed of two elements (hydrogen and a nonmetal) (Ex: Hydrochloric acid)

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Metals can ___ in a reaction

only replace other metals

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non-metals can ___ in a reaction

only replace other non-metals

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Metals higher up on the activity series list

replace metals lower on the list during a single displacement reaction.

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29

Acid

a compound that produces hydrogen ions H+(aq) when dissolved in water

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30

Acids have

a sour taste

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Acids are

corrosive and will react with metals

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aqueous solutions of acid

conduct electricity

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Oxyacids

composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and another element.

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34

____ are compounds that form hydroxide ions OH- (aq) when dissolved in water

Bases

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35

Bases have a ___ taste

bitter

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Bases are ___ to the touch

slippery

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Bases can cause serious ___ burns

chemical

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Bases are ___ to skin

corrosive

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39

Acidic

pH 0-7

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40

Basic

pH 14-7

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Neutral

pH = 7

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pH (Power of Hydrogen)

the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

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pH Indicators

substances that change colour to show the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.

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Red and Blue Litmus Paper

A chemically treated indicator paper.

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45

Blue litmus turns

red in acids

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Red litmus turns

blue in bases

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47

Cell

the smallest unit that can perform the functions of life

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Microscopy

the science of using microscopes to view samples or objects

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49

MIT

Medical Imaging Technology

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50

Cellular respiration

a process that releases energy from organic molecules, especially carbohydrates such as glucose, in the presence of oxygen

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51

The cell theory

(1) All living organisms are made of one or more cells (2)The cell is the basic organisational unit of life (3)All cells come from preexisting cells

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Cell membrane

separates the inside of the cell from the external environment ; controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell

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Cytoplasm

includes the cytosol, the organelles, and other life-supporting materials like sugar and water

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Mitochondria

where energy is released from glucose to fuel cell activities

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Ribosomes

help to produce proteins , which make up much of a cell's structure

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Endoplasmic reticulum

a network of membrane-covered channels that transport materials made in the cell; is connected to the nucleus

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Vesicles

membrane-covered sacs that transport and/ or store materials inside the cell and sometimes help these materials cross the cell membrane to enter or exit the cell

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Golgi body

sorts and packages proteins and other molecules for transport out of the cell

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Vacuoles

contain water and other materials and are used to store or transport small molecules ; plant cells tend to have one large vacuole ; animal cells may have several smaller vacuoles

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Cell wall

a tough , rigid structure lying just outside a plant cell 's membrane ; provides support for the cell

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Chloroplasts

traps energy from the Sun to make glucose

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Chromosomes

thread-like structure made mostly of DNA, found in the nucleus

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

material found in the cell's nucleus that contains genetic information

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Gene

a segment of DNA that controls protein

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ER

endoplasmic reticulum

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Carbohydrates

sugar

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(T)AGC

Thymine

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T(A)GC

Adenine

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TA(G)C

Guanine

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TAG(C)

Cytosine

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Karyotype

a micrograph of the chromosomes in a person's cells (determine gender)

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Transgenic organisms

an organism whose genetic information has been altered with the insertion of genes from another species (GMO)

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Cloning

the process of creating identical genetic copies of an organism

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Pros to cloning

copies are made of "superior" animals (increased milk and meat production)

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Cons to cloning

may be less disease resistant

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Mutation

a change in the DNA of an organism

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Mutagen

a substance or a factor that can cause a mutation in DNA, ex: radiation, mercury, cigarette tar

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Cell reproduction

the process where new cells are formed

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79

Cells can either be produced ___ (from one parent cell) or ___ (from two parent cells)

asexually, sexually

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80

Body cells

cells produced for growth and repair

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In multicellular organisms

all body cells are also produced through this process

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82

Diffusion

the movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

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Osmosis

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membranes

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Selectively permeable membrane

membrane where not all material can pass

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Mitosis

the process by which the duplicated contents of the cell's nucleus divide into equal parts

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Prior to mitosis

the DNA and the nucleus must be replicated

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Phases

Interphase → mitosis → cytokinesis

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Prophase

chromatids condense and chromosomes become visible

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Metaphase

chromosomes align in the middle of the cell

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Anaphase

centromere splits and chromatids are pulled to each side of the cell

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Telophase

two daughter nuclei are formed

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DNA replication

each chromosome is duplicated (creating sister chromatids) with the chromatids remaining attached to each other at the centromere

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93

If it's not an X it's a ___ not a ___

chromatid, not a chromosome

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94

Cell specialization

the process by which cells develop from similar cells into cells that have specific functions within a multicellular organism, cells specialized as a result of producing different proteins

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95

Cell differentiation

a stage of development of a living organism during which specialized cells form

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96

Tissue

a cluster of similar cells that share the same specialized structure and function

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Organ

a combination of several types of tissue working together to perform specific function

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98

Meristematic cell

undifferentiated plant cells

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99

Vascular tissues

Xylem and Phloem

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100

Xylem

dead tubular cells laid end-to-end, transport water and minerals from plant roots to other parts of the plant

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