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Covalent bonds
mix of 2 non-metals
Ionic compound
two oppositely charged ions (usually non-metal and a metal)
Multivalent metals
they are metals with more than one ion charge. depending on the chemical reaction they can form different ions. Roman numerals are used to distinguish between the ions
Polyatomic ion
ion that is composed of more than one atom
Ternary compound
a compound composed of three different elements (HSO4)
Molecular compounds
composed of two or more different nonmetals, they share electrons
Molecular compounds
feature covalent bonds between molecules and are often referred to as covalent compounds
Chemical reaction
a process in which new substances with new properties are formed (ex. Change in colour, Change in temperature, Gas, New substance, Light, Bubbles
Reactant
a pure substance that undergoes a chemical change
Product
a pure substance formed in a chemical change. The properties of the products are different from properties of the reactants
Synthesis
(A + B → AB)
Decomposition
(AB → A + B)
Single displacement
(A + BC → AC + B)metal (A + BC → BA + C)
Double displacement
(AB + CD → AD + CB)
Evidence of chemical change
Gas formation, Precipitate formation, Change in odor, Change in color, Production of light and/ or heat (energy change)
Example of decomposition
TNT explosion
Single displacement reaction
a chemical reaction in which one element (a reactive metal or a nonmetal) takes the place of an element in a compound to produce another element and another compound
Double displacement reaction
a chemical reaction in which the positive ions of two different compounds exchange places resulting in the formation of two new compounds - one of which may be a precipitate
Synthesis
A + B = AB
Decomposition
AB = A + B
Single displacement
Where A is a metal - A + BC = AC + B
Where A is a non-metal
A + BC = BA + C
Double displacement
AB + CD = AD + CB
An acid is a compound that produces hydrogen ions
Corrosive, Reacts with metals, Conducts electricity
Binary acids
composed of two elements (hydrogen and a nonmetal) (Ex: Hydrochloric acid)
Metals can ___ in a reaction
only replace other metals
non-metals can ___ in a reaction
only replace other non-metals
Metals higher up on the activity series list
replace metals lower on the list during a single displacement reaction.
Acid
a compound that produces hydrogen ions H+(aq) when dissolved in water
Acids have
a sour taste
Acids are
corrosive and will react with metals
aqueous solutions of acid
conduct electricity
Oxyacids
composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and another element.
____ are compounds that form hydroxide ions OH- (aq) when dissolved in water
Bases
Bases have a ___ taste
bitter
Bases are ___ to the touch
slippery
Bases can cause serious ___ burns
chemical
Bases are ___ to skin
corrosive
Acidic
pH 0-7
Basic
pH 14-7
Neutral
pH = 7
pH (Power of Hydrogen)
the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
pH Indicators
substances that change colour to show the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.
Red and Blue Litmus Paper
A chemically treated indicator paper.
Blue litmus turns
red in acids
Red litmus turns
blue in bases
Cell
the smallest unit that can perform the functions of life
Microscopy
the science of using microscopes to view samples or objects
MIT
Medical Imaging Technology
Cellular respiration
a process that releases energy from organic molecules, especially carbohydrates such as glucose, in the presence of oxygen
The cell theory
(1) All living organisms are made of one or more cells (2)The cell is the basic organisational unit of life (3)All cells come from preexisting cells
Cell membrane
separates the inside of the cell from the external environment ; controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell
Cytoplasm
includes the cytosol, the organelles, and other life-supporting materials like sugar and water
Mitochondria
where energy is released from glucose to fuel cell activities
Ribosomes
help to produce proteins , which make up much of a cell's structure
Endoplasmic reticulum
a network of membrane-covered channels that transport materials made in the cell; is connected to the nucleus
Vesicles
membrane-covered sacs that transport and/ or store materials inside the cell and sometimes help these materials cross the cell membrane to enter or exit the cell
Golgi body
sorts and packages proteins and other molecules for transport out of the cell
Vacuoles
contain water and other materials and are used to store or transport small molecules ; plant cells tend to have one large vacuole ; animal cells may have several smaller vacuoles
Cell wall
a tough , rigid structure lying just outside a plant cell 's membrane ; provides support for the cell
Chloroplasts
traps energy from the Sun to make glucose
Chromosomes
thread-like structure made mostly of DNA, found in the nucleus
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
material found in the cell's nucleus that contains genetic information
Gene
a segment of DNA that controls protein
ER
endoplasmic reticulum
Carbohydrates
sugar
(T)AGC
Thymine
T(A)GC
Adenine
TA(G)C
Guanine
TAG(C)
Cytosine
Karyotype
a micrograph of the chromosomes in a person's cells (determine gender)
Transgenic organisms
an organism whose genetic information has been altered with the insertion of genes from another species (GMO)
Cloning
the process of creating identical genetic copies of an organism
Pros to cloning
copies are made of "superior" animals (increased milk and meat production)
Cons to cloning
may be less disease resistant
Mutation
a change in the DNA of an organism
Mutagen
a substance or a factor that can cause a mutation in DNA, ex: radiation, mercury, cigarette tar
Cell reproduction
the process where new cells are formed
Cells can either be produced ___ (from one parent cell) or ___ (from two parent cells)
asexually, sexually
Body cells
cells produced for growth and repair
In multicellular organisms
all body cells are also produced through this process
Diffusion
the movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
Osmosis
the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membranes
Selectively permeable membrane
membrane where not all material can pass
Mitosis
the process by which the duplicated contents of the cell's nucleus divide into equal parts
Prior to mitosis
the DNA and the nucleus must be replicated
Phases
Interphase → mitosis → cytokinesis
Prophase
chromatids condense and chromosomes become visible
Metaphase
chromosomes align in the middle of the cell
Anaphase
centromere splits and chromatids are pulled to each side of the cell
Telophase
two daughter nuclei are formed
DNA replication
each chromosome is duplicated (creating sister chromatids) with the chromatids remaining attached to each other at the centromere
If it's not an X it's a ___ not a ___
chromatid, not a chromosome
Cell specialization
the process by which cells develop from similar cells into cells that have specific functions within a multicellular organism, cells specialized as a result of producing different proteins
Cell differentiation
a stage of development of a living organism during which specialized cells form
Tissue
a cluster of similar cells that share the same specialized structure and function
Organ
a combination of several types of tissue working together to perform specific function
Meristematic cell
undifferentiated plant cells
Vascular tissues
Xylem and Phloem
Xylem
dead tubular cells laid end-to-end, transport water and minerals from plant roots to other parts of the plant