Intel Chapter 1 Terms

Abacus

the first mechanical calculator created around 500 BC by Babylonians.

Blaise Pascal

invented a calculator that was constructed of gears and wheels (1642).

Charles Babbage

Early pioneer of mechanical computing machinery produced by him. It is a programmable calculating machine (1823 commissioned by the Royal Astronomical Society of Britain).

Analytical Engine

created by Charles Babbage. This engine was a steam-powered mechanical computer that stored a thousand 20-digit decimal numbers and a variable program that could modify the function of the machine to perform various calculating tasks.

Joseph Jacquard

It is assumed that Charles obtained the idea of using punched cards from a Frenchman who used punched cards as input to a weaving machine he invented in 1801, which today called Jacquard’s loom.

Michael Faraday

The 1800s he saw the advent of the electric motor.

Bomar Brain

small handheld electronic calculator by Bomar Corporation (1970s).

Monroe

was also a leading pioneer of electronic calculators, but its machines were desktop, four-function models the size of cash registers.

Herman Hollerith

developed the punched card for storing data in 1889. He also developed a mechanical machine driven by one of the new electric motors that counted, sorted, and collated information stored on punched cards. He founded International Business Machines Corporation, now referred to more commonly as IBM, Inc. which was a former Tabulating Machine Company.

Tabulating Machine Company

Hollerith formed this company, which developed a line of machines that used punched cards for tabulation.

Hollerith cards

the punched cards used in early computer systems in honor of Herman Hollerith.

Hollerith code

The 12-bit code used on a punched card.

Konrad Zuse

A German inventor, who worked as an engineer for the Henschel Aircraft Company in Berlin, invented the first modern electromechanical computer (Z3).

Z3

first modern electromechanical computer (1941). It is a relay logic machine that was clocked at 5.33.

Alan Turing

Invented the Colossus, The first electronic computing system, which used vacuum tubes. (1943)

Colossus

Used to break secret German military codes generated by the Enigma machine. The first electronic computing system. It was a fixed-program computer system (Special-purpose machine).

ENIAC

This first modern general-purpose computer. Developed in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. It was a huge machine, containing over 17,000 vacuum tubes and over 500 miles of wires.

John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain

They developed the transistor on December 23, 1947 at Bell Labs.

Jack Kilby

He invented the integrated circuit in 1958 of Texas Instruments.

Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stan Mazor

they are the Intel engineers who developed the 4004, a device that started the microprocessor revolution that continues today at an ever-accelerating pace.

Machine language

was constructed of ones and zeros using binary codes that were stored in the computer memory system as groups of instructions called a program.

John von Neumann

A Mathematician who was the first modern person to develop a system that accepted instructions and stored them in memory. Computers are often called von Neumann machines.

Assembly

a language was used to simplify the chore of entering binary code into a computer as its instructions.

Grace Hopper

who developed the first high-level programming language called FLOWMATIC (1957).

FORTRAN

a language allowed programmers to develop programs that used formulas to solve mathematical problems.

COBOL

The first truly successful and widespread programming language for business applications.

RPG

a language which allows programming by specifying the form of the input, output, and calculations.

BASIC

a language is used in many computer systems and may be one of the most common programming languages today.

ADA

a language is used heavily by the Department of Defense. It was named in honor of Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace.

Intel 4004

The world’s first microprocessor was a 4-bit microprocessor–a programmable controller on a chip.

Shuffleboard game

an early video game which was produced by Bailey.

Intel 4040

Updated version of the 4004. Most calculators are still based on 4-bit microprocessors that process 4-bit BCD (binary-coded decimal) codes.

Intel 8008

an extended 8-bit version of the 4004 microprocessor. It addressed an expanded memory size (16K bytes) and contained 48 additional instructions.

Byte

it is generally an 8-bit-wide binary number and a K is 1024.

Intel 8080

first of the modem 8-bit microprocessor (1973).

MC6800

microprocessor created by Motorola Corporation

MITS Altair 8800

The first personal computer, was released in 1974.

Bill Gates and Paul Allen

The BASIC language interpreter, written by them for the Altair 8800 computer, was developed in 1975.

Digital Research Corporation

The assembler program for the Altair 8800 was written by this corporation, which once produced DR-DOS (Digital Research – Disk Operating System) for the personal computer.

8085

An updated version of 8080.

Zilog Corporation

another company that sold 500 million 8-bit microprocessors is, which produced the Z-80 microprocessor. The Z-80 is machine language–compatible with the 8085.

8086 and 8088

Both devices are 16-bit microprocessors, which executed instructions in as little as 400 ns. It addressed 1M byte of memory. These microprocessors are called CISC.

Intel 80386

Intel’s first practical 32-bit microprocessor that contained a 32-bit data bus and a 32-bit memory address (1986).

Intel 80386EX

also called an embedded PC because it contains all the components of the AT class personal computer on a single integrated circuit (1995).

Intel 80486

incorporated an 80386-like microprocessor, an 80387-like numeric coprocessor, and an 8K-byte cache memory system into one integrated package (1989).

Intel Pentium

similar to the 80386 and 80486 microprocessors. Was originally labeled the P5 or 80586 (1993). The most ingenious feature of the Pentium is its dual integer processors.

Intel Pentium Pro

formerly named the P6 microprocessor. Contains 21 million transistors, integer units, as well as a floating-point unit to increase the performance of most software (1995). It uses three execution engines, so it can execute up to three instructions at a time, which can conflict and still execute in parallel.

Intel Pentium II

Intel has placed the _____ on a small circuit board. The microprocessor on the ____ module is actually Pentium Pro with MMX extensions.

Intel Pentium III

The ______ microprocessor uses a faster core than the Pentium II. It is also available in the slot 1 version mounted on a plastic cartridge and a socket 370 version called a flip-chip.

Intel Pentium IV

The most recent version of the Pentium is called the Core2 by Intel. e Pentium 4 is available in speeds to 3.2 GHz and faster and the chip sets that support the Pentium 4 use the RAMBUS or DDR memory technologies in place of once standard SDRAM technology (late 2000s).

Pentium 4 and Core2

It is a 64-bit and Multiple Core Microprocessor. Programs that do this are called multithreaded applications.

DEC

a corporation owned by Hewlett-Packard Company have stopped producing mainframe computer systems in order to concentrate their resources on microprocessor-based computer systems.

PCI bus

A change beginning with the introduction of the Pentium microprocessor and the ATX class machine is the addition of this bus now being used in all Pentium through Core2 systems.

VESA local bus

Another bus type found in many 80486-based personal computers.

1. TPA (transient program area).
2. System area.
3. XMS (extended memory system).

DOS 3 Main Areas

TPA

holds application programs, the operating system, and drivers.

System area

it contains memory used for video display cards, disk drives, and the BIOS ROM.

Operating system

performs the task of operating or controlling the computer system, along with its I/O devices.

Microsoft Windows

Modern computers use this in place of DOS as an operating system.

Microprocessor

is the controlling element in a computer system. The microprocessor performs data transfers, does simple arithmetic and logic operations, and makes simple decisions. The microprocessor executes programs stored in the memory system to perform complex operations in short periods of time.

Address bus

used to request a memory location or I/O device.

Data bus

transfers data between the microprocessor and its memory and I/O spaces.

Control bus

controls the memory and I/O, and requests reading or writing of data.

Digits

Before numbers are converted from one number base to another, the digits of a number system must be understood.

Word

(16-bits) is formed with two bytes of data.

Byte-sized data

are stored as unsigned and signed integers.

ASCII code

used to store alphabetic or numeric data.

Carriage return code

it returns the print head or cursor to the left margin.

Line feed code

it moves the cursor or print head down one line.

Binary-coded decimal

data are sometimes used in a computer system to store decimal data. These data are stored either in packed (two digits per byte) or unpacked (one digit per byte) form.

Floating-point data

are used in computer systems to store whole, mixed, and fractional numbers. It is a number composed of a sign, a mantissa, and an exponent.

Assembler

directives DB or BYTE define bytes, DW or WORD define words, DD or DWORD define doublewords, and DQ or QWORD define quadwords.

Little endian format

this is a method of storing a number where the least significant byte is always stored in the lowest-numbered memory location, and the most significant byte is stored in the highest.

Big endian format

an alternate method, not used with the Intel family of microprocessors, is called the. Numbers are stored with the lowest location containing the most significant data.