Charles I and Personal Rule Vocabulary

Flashcards for reviewing key vocabulary and figures from a lecture on Charles I's personal rule.

Personal Rule

The eleven-year period (1629-1640) when Charles I ruled without parliament.

Richard Weston, Earl of Portland

Lord Treasurer of England from 1628 to 1635 during Charles I's personal rule.

Francis Cottington

Chancellor of the Exchequer (1629-1640) and Master of the Court of Wards (1635-1640) during Charles I's personal rule.

Henry Montagu, Earl of Manchester

Keeper of the Privy Seal from 1628 to 1640 during Charles I's personal rule.

Thomas, Lord Coventry

Lord Keeper of the Great Seal from 1625 to 1640.

William Juxon

Bishop of London and Lord Treasurer from 1635-1640.

William Laud

Archbishop of Canterbury and First Lord of the Treasury from 1635 to 1640.

Thomas Wentworth

Lord Deputy of Ireland from 1632 to 1640.

Francis Windebank

Secretary of State from 1632 to 1640.

Privy Council

Advisory body of around 35 members who supported the monarch with advice and enacted the royal will.

Spanish Faction

Group within the Privy Council, including Cottington and Windebank, known to be Roman Catholics, influencing Charles I.

Prerogative Courts

Courts used by Charles I to interpret and enforce existing laws without Parliament. Examples include Star Chamber and Court of High Commission.

Star Chamber

A type of prerogative court made up of privy counselors selected by the monarch. Used to judge a variety of cases.

Court of High Commission

Chief court of the church, used to enforce conformity to canon law, also used for civil cases.

Regional Councils

Councils of the North (York) and Welsh Marches (Ludlow Castle), functioning as prerogative courts to impose royal control.

Lord President

The leader of each regional council, acting as a regional governor.

Book of Orders

A means of communication between the crown and local government.

1631 Book of Orders

Significant reform of local government with new working practices for JPs.

Hundreds

Administrative units made up of a number of parishes within a country.

Parish

Smallest administrative unit of local government.

Fiscal Feudalism

Non-parliamentary methods for raising finances during Charles I's personal rule.

Customs Duty

Tax on imports and exports; revenue source increased by revaluing the book of rates in 1635.

Book of Rates

Official book listing products subject to customs duty and their values.

Monopolies

The sale of exclusive rights to produce or sell a particular product.

Popish Soap

Soap monopoly procured by Richard Weston, satirized due to rumored Catholic financing.

Tonnage and Poundage

Tax on imports and exports granted to Charles I for only one year in 1625, but he continued to collect it throughout his rule.

Recusancy Fines

Fines for those who refused to attend compulsory Church of England services.

Distraint of Knighthood

Revival of a tax on anyone holding land worth £40 or more who did not attend the coronation of a new monarch to be knighted.

Wardships

Crown's administration of the estate of an heir who inherited under the age of 21.

Forest Fines

Fines for landowners who had extended their boundaries into royal forests.

Building Fines

Fines for building beyond the chartered boundaries of a town.

Enclosure Fines

Fines for landowners who illegally enclosed common land.

Ship Money

Tax levied initially on coastal towns, then extended to the whole of England, to fund the navy.

Hampden Case

Court case involving Sir John Hampden's refusal to pay ship money, testing the king's prerogative.

Treaty of Susa

The concluding of peace with France in 1629.

Treaty of Madrid

The concluding of peace with Spain in 1630.

William Naughey

Scored ancient maps to identify if any landowner was taking land from the royal forests.

Oliver Cromwell

Paid fines as part of the Distraint of Knighthood.

Lord Treasurer Weston

Was a particular target of corruption because he procured a monopoly of soap for a consortium of his friends.

Archbishop Laud

One of the Armenian councilors

Bishop Juxin

One of the Armenian councilors

Corporal Punishment

Punishment used by the Star Chamber, along with fines and imprisonment.

Privy Seal

Office held by Henry Montagu, Earl of Manchester from 1628 to 1640.

Lord Deputy of Ireland

Office held by Thomas Wentworth from 1632 to 1640.

Secretary of State

Office held by Francis Windebank from 1632 to 1640.