Biology Grade 10 Study Notes (copy)

What are the three ideas of cell theory?

1. All living things are made of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the simplest unit that can carry out life processes. 3. Cells are created from other cells.

What defines a scientific theory?

An idea tested with proof and developed/verified by the scientific community.

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells do.

What organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria.

What process do mitochondria use to provide energy to the cell?

Cellular respiration.

What are ribosomes responsible for?

Making proteins.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Stores, modifies, and packages proteins.

Which cellular structure provides support and protection in plant cells?

Cell wall.

What role do vacuoles play in plant cells?

They hold water and other materials, helping maintain turgor pressure.

What are the stages of mitosis in order?

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.

What characterizes cancer cells?

Uncontrolled, unregulated growth of cells that divide rapidly.

What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

Benign tumors do not affect surrounding tissues, while malignant tumors interfere with neighboring tissues.

What are the four types of tissue?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve.

What are stem cells?

Cells that are not yet specialized and are in the process of differentiation.

What ability makes stem cells special?

They can self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types.

What is the function of the digestive system?

To take in food, digest it, absorb nutrients, and excrete waste.

What are the major components of the circulatory system?

Blood, Blood Vessels, and the Heart.

What is the main function of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

To transport oxygen to cells.

How do veins differ from arteries?

Veins bring blood back to the heart, while arteries take blood away from the heart.

What are alveoli?

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

What is the role of the diaphragm in breathing?

It contracts and relaxes to change the volume of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation.