KINE 3080 Module 1 Exercise Physiology Lab Techniques and Analysis

Physiology

study of the function of organisms

Homeostasis

the maintenance of a constant internal enviornment

Exercise Physiology

study of how BODY STRUCTURE and FUNCTION are altered by exposure to acute and chronic bouts of exercise

Enviornmental Physiology

study of the effects of the enviornment on the function of the body

Sport Physiology

Is the application of the concepts of exercise physiology to training athletes and enhancing sport performance

Integrative Physiology

informs translational physiology - or the process by which basic research findings are eventually translated into public policy practices.

How do exercise physiologist study biological questions?

Integrative approach ( address research question by looking at the whole organism adapts to internal and external stressors )

example: human body adapting to exercise and certain disease states

Public Health Issues ———> _____________ ————> _________ ————→ ______________ ————→ _____________.

Basic Research (animal and cell culture models) —> Clinical Research (clinical trials) —> Clinical Practice —> Health Policy

Obesity Example: Basic Research Science

leptin-deficient mice develop obesity (mice with less leptin + obese)

Obesity Example: Clinical Research

is obesity caused by a deficiency in leptin?

What was the Hypothesis for the Obesity Example

Humans with obesity lack leptin and therfore treatment of humans WITH leptin will reduce obesity in humans

Obesity Example: Answer

Individuals WITH Obesity have HIGHER Leptin than non obese… meaning back to the drawing board!

How do you measure metabolism ?

metabolic cart (test persons resting or exercising metabolic rate)

What can a metabolic cart tell us?

how many calories (kcals) a person uses at rest or during a specific exercise intensity

What measurement defines the field of exercise physiology ?

that of oxegyn consumption (VO₂)

How do you quantify VO₂?

1. Ventilation

2. Expired Gas Carbon Dioxide Fraction (FECO₂)

3. Expired Gas Oxegyn Fraction (FEO₂)

What is expired gas analysis indirect calorimetry?

the data collection of the three measurements needed to quantify VO₂.

• it can also measure CO₂ production

1 kilocalorie is equal to ______ calories?

1000 calories

What is a calorie?

amount of heat required to raise the temperature of ONE GRAM (1g) of water by ONE DEGREE CELSIUS

What is Direct Calorimetry?

The process of measuring a person’s metabolic rate via the measurement of heat production

• Body uses energy for work which causes heat. Heat is produced by cells via cellular respiration (bioenergetics) and cellular work.

• THE RATE OF HEAT PRODUCTION IN A INDIVIDUAL IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE METABOLIC RATE

What is the SI unit to measure heat?

Joule , but a common unit to measure heat is the CALORIE

What are the modern techniques for measuring a persons direct calorimetry?

Modern techniques involve placing a person in a closed chamber (calorimeter) insulated from the environment, usually by a water jacket, allowing free exchange of O2 and CO2. The person's body heat raises the water temperature, and by measuring the temperature change over time, heat production is calculated. Additionally, heat lost through evaporation from the skin and respiratory passages is measured and added to the heat absorbed by the water to estimate the person’s energy expenditure rate.

What is another procedure that can be used to calculate metabolic rate?

Indirect Calorimetry (DOES NOT INVOLVE DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF HEAT PRODUCTION)

Can measuring O2 consumption provide an estimate of metabolic rate?

YES because a direct relationship exists between O2 consumed and the amount of heat produced in the body

What is rhe most common technique used to measure oxegyn consumption today?

Open-Circuit Spirometry

• wear a nose clip to prevent breathing from the nose, so they breath into respiratory valve that allows room air to be breathed in while all the exhaled gas was directed ti a collection bag (DOUGLAS BAG), in which is analyzed for gaz colume and % of O2 and CO2.

The amount of oxegyn _________ as we consume oxegyn

decreases

the amount of carbon dioxide _______ and nitrogen remains __________ in our expired breath

1. Decreases

2. Unchanged

What is used to measure a persons daily expenditure ?

Metabolic Chamber

What is a metabolic chamber?

gives insights on how many calories you burn and what kind of calories are being burned.

What is inside a metabolic chamber?

bed, TV, desk with a laptop computer, sink and a toliet. Sometimes a bike or treadmill is included

How does a metabolic chamber work?

fresh air is circulated into the room, and the air that flows out goes though analyzers that measure the ratio of CO2 and O2.

• urine is also collected to asess protein oxidation

• all three measurements are pluuged into calcuation for a detailed look at metabolism.

What does the number of calories burned by a person depend on?

their size and activity level

• average human burns 2000 calories

RER or R

Respiratory Exchange Ratio provides information regarding the macronutrient being oxidized at any given time during a steady state.

How to get a rough estimate of energy expenditure?

mutiply measured VO2 over a certian time period and multiply by 4.825 (or 5)

What is a BMR?

Basal Metabolic Rate

• the minimum level of energy required to sustain the body vital functions in the walking state

• usually expressed in kcal/day

• usually required staing overnight in metabolic lab

RMR is

Resting Metabolic Rate Test

• Prior to test, the person should not exercise strenously for atleast 48 hours, and abstain from eating for 12-14 hours. Must lie or recline quietly in a dark enviornment awake for 30 min prior to measurment and have a normal body temperature

Values for oxegyn consumption during RMR test usually range between

200 and 300 ml/min (depends on persons age and size)

Expressed as relative oxegyn consumption, values should apprx. ________ or _______

3.5ml/kg/min or 1 MET

MET

metabolic equivalent

what components contribute to an individuals total energy expenditure

in a 24 hour period, 67% if a result of RMR, the thermic effect of food (TEF), and energy expendityre from physical activity (PA).

thermic effect of food refers to what

the energy needed to digest energy intake through diet

• ranges from 100 to 200kcal/day

• the energy expanded above rest during any purposeful activity

PA can vary ____________ between individuals and can range?

Varies TREMENDOUSLY

• range from fewer than 300kcal in sedentary people to more than 3,000kcal in active people

Ergometer

an exercise device that allows the intensity of exercise to be controlled and measured.

When running a test, what do exercise physiologist want to control?

the exercise condition and/or exercise intensity.

• therby controlling the level of physiological stress experienced

What have researchers who study the oxegyn cost (O2 cost+VO2 at a steady state) of exercise have demonstrated

it is possible to estimate the energy expanded during certain types of physical activity withreasonable presicion.

• walking, running, cycling are the activities that have been studied

relative VO2

is the way you express VO2 as a function of the body weight

• it is appropriate when describing the O2 cost of weight-bearing activities such as walking, running and climbing steps.

How do you test aerobic fitness

Vo2 max test or a submax test (u dont take the person to their max)

• they get tested on tredmill or bike

WIngate Test

determine both peak anaerobic power and mean power output over 30 seconds.

example: good for hockey players

What do you do during the Wingate Test?

all out sprint on a bike with very hgih resistance.

• When muscles fatigue, ATP is being used and your power declines.

When is the highest power output during the Wingate Test?

is the first few seconds (peak power output)

• indicative of the maximun rate of ATP-PC system to produce ATP during exercise.

What is the decline power output during Wingate Test used as?

an index of anaerobic endurance and represents maximcal capacity to produce ATP via combo of the ATP-PC system and glycolysis.

What is the Vo2max test defined as?

highest oxegyn uptake that an indivdual can obtain during exercise of increasing intensity.

• most acurate way is in a lab using a treadmill or cycle ergometer and indirect calorimetry.

what should an average young males VO2max be?

40-45 mL/kg/min

What should an average young females VO2max be?

35-40mL/kg/min

What criteria can determine VO2max validity?

• blood lactate concetration of >8 mmol/L during last stage of exercise

OR you can avoid taking blood samples by having this criteria met

• a respiratory exchange ratio of greater then or equal to 1.15

• or a heart rate during the last exercise stage that is within 10. beats per minute within the subjects predicted max heart rate

  (age-predicted HRmax= 220-age)

RPE scale

developed for us to monitor how a person is feeling during their test.

• number range from 6(no exertion) to 20.

• think of the number multiplied by 10, and see how it is actually the HEART RATE (usually near the end of the test, they will be in the 18-20 range)

what does the lactate threshold represent?

an exercise intensity wherein blood lactate levels begin to systematically increase.

• because fatigue associates with high blood and muscle lactate, lactate threshold is related to endurance performance in events lasting LONGER THEN 12-15 minutes

Ventilatory Threshold Test (VT)

its the least complex procedure to estimate the lactate threshold by gas exchange.

• upon the test, the minute ventilation (VE) at each work rate is graphed as a function of the oxegyn uptake.

• The point when the ventilation increases rapidly is considered the ventilatory threshold. (12%-17%

What is breathing driven by?

CARBON DIOXIDE ACCUMULATION

When you begin to do a higher intensity exercise, what will happen?

type 2 muscle fibers are recruited, leading to an increase in lactate and hydrogen ions (H+), which can cause muscle acidity and hinder performance. To counter this, the body binds H+ to bicarbonate to neutralize the acid, and increased breathing helps remove the resulting carbon dioxide, which is the primary driver of respiratory rate, not the need for oxygen.

What is obesity defined as?

accumulation of body fat that is more than 25% of total body weight for men and more then 33% of total body weight for women.

What health risks are associated with obesity

increased risk of heart disease, stroke, cancers, sexual problems, and all causes of premature death

what type of obesity is typical in males

ANDRIOD OBESITY

• abdomen fat

what type of obesity is common in females

GYNOID OBESITY

• lower body fat

What is body mass divided into?

Fat Mass: all extractable lipids

Fat Free Mass: water,protein,and mineral components

Hydorstatic Weighing

based on Archimedes Principle of Water Displacement

• “a body immersed in water is buoyed up with a force equal to the weight of water displaced.”

• Density of human body : divide the body weight on land by body volume (calculated from underwater weight)

Underwater Weighing Technique

the person goes underwater and is asked to let all their air out

residual volume

the amount of air left in an indivudals lungs after breathing as much as they can out

When calculating the body density, the value should range :

0.901-1.100 g/cc

BOD POD

air-displacement plethysmography (ADP)

• estimates body density

• uses displacement of air in a sealed compartment

• measures air displacement and calculates body density

DXA

Dual energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

• new “gold standard”

• machine takees x-ray of body when ur on table, xray passes over bone at two diff energy levels in which can identifty what is and is not bone. When over tissue, it classifys fat or fat free mass.

• measures bone material density, body compositon and body fat distribution

What does DXA determine

1. bone mineral density

2. fat free mass

3. lean body mass

Bioelectrical Impedance Analaysis

Electrical current sent through body and resistance of the current is measured

• BIA is not the most accurate because it depends how hydrated person is, time of day its measured, any meds?, and when they last exercised

• anytime the current encounters fat tissue (adipose tissue) it deals with resistance because adipose tissue and water dont mix well.

What does BIA tell you

1. fat mass

2. lean body mass

3. total body water as outputs

Skinfold Measurements

inexpensive and quick

• provides estimate of body fat % that is highly correlated with hydrostatic weighing and DXA.

• measures subcutaneous fat at various sites on the body and calculated total body fat based on equations

Skinfold Measurments measure?

fat free and fat mass

BMI

divide weight in kg by height in meters

• DOES NOT MEASURE BODY FAT, gives a popualtion estimate for risk for disease

BMI > 30 kg/m²

obese

BMI = 25-29.9kg/m²

overweight

BMI= 18.5-24.9kg/m²

normal weight

BMI < 18.5 kg/m²

underweight

Science and Research

process by which science is developed

How do you conduct a scientific research?

Observations and reading of a scientific literature → Research Question → Hypothesis → Control Group → Standarized Conditions and Independent Variable → Experimental Group → Dependent Variable → Results→ Interpretation → ACCEPT or REJECT

What are the common research designs

Longitudinal, Cross-section, randomized, and crossover study design

Longitudinal Research

• test same subjects and compares results over time

• time consuming and expensive

Cross-Sectional Research

collects data from diverse population and comapres groups in that population

Randomized Control Trial

two or more groups; particpants are randomly assigned to a treatment or the control group

• considered the most thorough trial

Crossover Study Design

two or more experimental therapies are administred, one after the other, in a specified or random sequence, to the same group of particpants

• individuals serve as their own controls

• special type of a randomized control trial

X-Axis =

Y-Axis=

x= independent variable (study design)

y=dependent variable (changes depending on how the x-axis variable is manipulated)

What does P value tell you on the graph?

depends what its set at, tells you whether or not the probabilty of the things are truly different or not.

• theres an ACTUAL difference between the things

During Data Anaylysis and Interpretation

• use norms tables to evaluate participants

• take info and use it to write the program for person

• retest individuals when needed so that you can make adjustmets to the program for their goals

lbs to kg

divide lbs by 2.2

L to mL

1 liter = 1000mL

VO²

Volume of Oxegyn Consumed

Room Air =

Expired Air =

20.93% O2

16-18% O2

VCO2

volume of carbon dioxide produced

1 kcal = 1000 calories

1 kcal = 1 Calories

RER Table

RER Value of 1.00 ( BURNS MORE CARBOHYDRATES )

RER Value of 10.70 (BURNS MORE FATS )

RER Value of 0.85 (BURNS BOTH FATS AND CARBS EQUALLY )

Absolute VO² =

L/min → this is what is measured in the lab

Relative VO² =

mL/kg/min →

1.convert liters to millilters by multiplying the VO² value by 100

2. Divide this value by the persons body weight in kg