Earth Science EXAM #1

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Last updated 8:03 AM on 2/23/25
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124 Terms

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Deductive reasoning
Focuses on observation; involves logical conclusions drawn from general premises.
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Inductive reasoning
Deals with inference; involves generalizing from specific observations.
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Atacama Desert dryness
Caused by cold ocean currents and trade wind latitude, but not by intense evaporation.
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Coriolis Effect
Influences Trade Winds and ocean gyres but not sinking polar air.
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Features D
Features D
In landforms, refers to Terminal Moraine.
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Wind-driven sediment transportation
Does not include Hoodoo; involves creep, saltation, and sliding stones.
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Rifting
Current activity evident in the East Africa region.
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NOT important in judging the credibility of a source?

Made by scientists who have never been wrong before

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Clouds at the equator
Maintain speed due to inertia when blown northward.
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Alpine glacier
Confined to a long, narrow valley in mountainous areas.
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Ephemeral streams
Characteristic includes being dry much of the year and not being fed by groundwater.
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Desertification feedback loop
Arid conditions kill plants, making soil less able to absorb moisture.
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Tributary glaciers
Tributary glaciers
Five tributary glaciers join to form the trunk glacier.
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Plate sinking evidence
Lines of progressively-deeper earthquakes near arcs and trenches.
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Glacier melting effects
Leads to isostatic rebound of land and rising sea levels.
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Coriolis Effect wind deflection
In the Northern Hemisphere, wind deflects to the right.
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Dominant erosion agent in deserts
Water is more effective than dust storms and wind.
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Earth layers description

Asthenosphere moves plates, outer core is the only liquid layer, lithosphere is made of plates.

<p>Asthenosphere moves plates, outer core is the only liquid layer, lithosphere is made of plates.<br></p>
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Glacier advancement factors
Global warming hinders glacier advance.
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Liquid magma creation
Occurs in subduction zones.
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What separates pseudoscience from science?
Concepts in science must be falsifiable.
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Features F
Features F
Identified as a Horn in glacial landforms.
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Transform fault example
San Andreas fault separates the Pacific Plate and North American Plate.
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Desert dune characteristics
Cross bedding is most characteristic of dunes.
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Desert landform similarity
Alluvial fan is similar to a river delta.
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Glacier definition
An iceberg is NOT considered a glacier.
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Plastic deformation
A material bends or flows when stressed by a force.
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Faster rotating location
Brazil moves faster in the context of Earth's rotation.
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Sandstone composition observation
The observation that 23% is quartz is a quantitative and objective observation.
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Uniformitarianism inconsistency
A large asteroid impact led to mass extinction is NOT consistent with uniformitarianism.
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Aristotelian empiricism
Fell out of favor as it relied on evidence only observable by human senses.
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Transform boundary motion
Plates move by slipping past each other.
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Uniformitarianism assumption
Processes have always followed the same set of rules of nature.
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Glacial striations cause
Grains of rock in ice grind against bedrock.
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Ice Age trigger
Milankovitch Cycles cause glacial cycles.
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Shallow earthquakes indicator
Often indicate a transform plate boundary.
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Continental plate vs oceanic plate
Continental plates are ductile and can flow internally.
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Igneous rocks formation
Igneous rocks form by crystallization.
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Desert landscape sequence
Correct order: Alluvial Fan > Bajada > Inselberg.
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Importance of piercing points
They track movement along transform boundaries.
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Mid-ocean ridge danger level
It is the least likely to be dangerous to humans.
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Drainage basins
Areas from which streams collect water separated by topographic highs.
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Focus of an earthquake
Where the rupture of rock occurs beneath the Earth's surface.
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Objective statement
An unbiased observation, e.g. 'I observed that it rained yesterday'.
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Seismic intensity localization
In a horst-graben situation, seismic shaking is greatest in valleys.
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Importance of objective observations
Help remove bias in scientific investigations.
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Transform boundaries uniqueness
Characterized by fewer volcanoes compared to other boundaries.
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Evidence against uniformitarianism
Banded iron formed as oxygen entered the atmosphere.
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Antarctic ice sheet thickness
Can reach up to 13,000 feet thick.
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Feature A
Feature A
Identified as a Hanging Valley in glacial features.
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Oceanic crust movement
As it moves away from the mid-ocean ridge, it gets colder.
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Asthenosphere location
Is farthest from the surface during continental collisions.
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Liquefaction requirements
Saturated unconsolidated sediment is necessary for liquefaction in earthquakes.
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Driest state in America
Nevada holds the title of the driest state.
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Theory definition
A well-tested and accepted concept in science.
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Galileo's discovery evidence
Moons orbiting Jupiter proved Earth could not be the center of the universe.
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Glacier advance definition
Terminus shifting forward indicates glacier growth.
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Season affecting glacial budget
Summer controls the glacial budget with advance and retreat.
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Ductile deformation location
Occurs in the lower part of the glacier where stress exceeds 100 kilopascals.
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Earthquake location determination
Triangulation is used to determine earthquake locations.
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Hot-spot volcanism difference
Hot spots display age trends compared to plate tectonic volcanism.
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Hawaiian hot spot uniqueness
Different tectonic plate interactions set it apart from Yellowstone.
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East coast seismicity explanation
Not near a plate boundary hence fewer earthquakes.
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Quantitative data preference
Reveals trends for better analysis in scientific conclusions.
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Dune type with limited sand
Barchan dunes indicate limited sand supply and constant wind.
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Desert landform and salt flats
Playa is most associated with salt flats.
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Desert weathering product
Desert varnish is a result of desert weathering.
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Water budget definition
Compares precipitation to evaporation and discharge in hydrology.
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Great Basin desert cause
Resulting from rain shadow and latitude.
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Glacier base behavior
Ice slides over bedrock on a thin meltwater film.
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Desert weathering and erosion rate
Slower due to limited water availability.
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Rift feature prediction
An ocean basin can form as a rift develops.
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Richter scale energy relation
An increase of one corresponds to 32 times more energy released.
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Coriolis Effect in the Southern Hemisphere
Hurricanes rotate clockwise as influenced by the Coriolis Effect.
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Great Basin uniqueness
All water drains internally without reaching the ocean.
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Saltation effect on sand grains
Generates rounding and frosting on the surface of saltating grains.
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Inductive reasoning example
Discovery of a new mineral on Mars leads to new water hypotheses.
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Ephemeral streams definition
Streams that are dry much of the year.
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Inductive reasoning advantage
Focus on observation rather than conclusions.
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Lake Bonneville formation cause
Resulted from less evaporation and more precipitation.
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Crustal divergence feature
Mid-ocean ridges are associated with crustal divergence.
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Continental subduction reason
Continents have lower density which prevents subduction.
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Natural sandblasting effect
Yardang forms from natural sandblasting.
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Continental collision mountain formation
Similar densities of plates prevent one from subducting beneath the other.
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Liquid Earth layer
Outer core is the liquid layer of the Earth.
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Event marking recent ice age onset
Closing of the gap between North and South America occurred about 3 million years ago.
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Seismic shaking measure
Mercalli Scale measures qualitative seismic shaking.
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Feature G identification
Identified as a Cirque in glacial landforms.
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Scientific method hypothesis process
Hypothesis development typically follows observation.
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Science deniers arguments
Do not generally present alternative scientific data.
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Geologic conclusion technique usage
Comparing ancient rocks and fossils to modern counterparts.
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Crust age towards mid-ocean ridge
The crust gets younger as you approach mid-ocean ridges.
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Deep Earth information source
Seismic waves provide the most direct information about the Earth's interior.
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Wegener's hypothesis support lack
He couldn't provide a mechanism for continental drift.
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Glacial evidence in valleys
A U-shaped valley with a broad bottom suggests glacial occupation.
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Wilson Cycle sequence after collision
Rifting is likely to occur after continental collision.
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Deepest earthquake location
Subduction zones are associated with the largest and deepest earthquakes.
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Post-experimentation process in scientific method
Typically involves peer review.
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Transform faults movement
Move left (sinistral) and right (dextral).
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Ice age solar energy reflection reason
The albedo effect from ice and snow is primarily responsible.