Pathogens đŠ
Bacteria: Single-celled organisms, can cause infections.
Viruses: Infect cells and reproduce inside them.
Fungi: Can be single-celled or multicellular, e.g., yeast and mushrooms.
Protists: Single-celled eukaryotes, sometimes cause disease.
Communicable Diseases đ€
Spread through direct contact, airborne particles, surfaces, or contaminated food/water.
Examples: Influenza, Salmonella, Malaria.
Non-Communicable Diseases đ«
Result from genetic, environmental, or lifestyle factors.
Examples: Diabetes, Cancer.
Important definitions
Antibiotic: Medicine that kills bacteria.
Virus: Pathogen that reproduces inside host cells.
Fungi: Eukaryotic pathogens, e.g., yeast.
Protist: Single-celled eukaryotes, sometimes pathogenic.
The defenses
Mechanical barriers: Skin, nose hairs.
Chemical barriers: Mucus, stomach acid, tears.
Bacterial barriers: Gut bacteria.
Immune System đ§Ź
White blood cells: Attack and destroy pathogens.
Antibodies: Proteins that neutralize pathogens.
Plant Defenses đż
Physical barriers: Cell wall, waxy cuticle.
Antimicrobial substances: Chemicals that kill pathogens.
Key terms!
Antibody: Protein produced by white blood cells.
Antigen: Protein on pathogen surface.
Immune system: Body's defense against pathogens.
Plant Disease Prevention đ±
Regulate infected plant movement.
Sourcing healthy plants.
Destroying infected plants.
Human and Animal Disease Prevention đ§Ž
Contraception.
Sterilizing wounds.
Hygiene and sanitation.
Vaccination.
Restricting travel.
Key terms!
Vaccination: Introducing inactive pathogens to stimulate immunity.
Contraception: Methods to prevent pregnancy.
Sterilization: Removing microorganisms from equipment.
Diagnosis Methods đŹ
Symptom observation.
Cell counting.
Culture growth.
Microscopy and staining.
Antimicrobial testing.
Genome analysis.
Aseptic Techniques đ§Œ
Sterilize equipment.
Limit sample exposure.
Monoclonal Antibodies đ§Ș
Used in diagnostic tests like pregnancy tests.
Key terms!
Aseptic techniques: Methods to prevent contamination.
Monoclonal antibodies: Lab-made antibodies for specific antigens.
Risk Factors â
Unhealthy diet: High fats/sugar.
Lack of exercise.
Age.
Genetic predispositions.
Environmental factors: UV radiation.
Smoking and drugs.
Disease Interactions đ
Autoimmune diseases.
Viruses triggering cancers.
Preventative diseases: Sickle cell anemia prevents malaria.
Key terms!
Autoimmune disease: Immune system attacks the body.
Correlation: Relationship between two variables.
Genetic predisposition: Increased risk of disease due to genetics.
Medicines đ
Painkillers: Reduce symptoms.
Antibiotics: Kill bacteria.
Cardiovascular Disease Treatments â€
Lifestyle changes.
Drugs: Statins.
Stents: Widen blood vessels.
Heart transplants.
New Medicine Development đ§Ź
Screening.
Pre-clinical trials.
Clinical trials.
Monoclonal Antibodies đ§Ș
Used for cancer treatment by targeting specific cancer cells.
Key terms!
Chemotherapy: Cancer treatment using drugs.
Heart transplant: Replacing a damaged heart.
Statins: Drugs lowering cholesterol.
Stent: Wire mesh widening arteries.