Major Intellectual Revolutions in Science and Society

Intellectual Revolution

A major shift in thinking that challenges traditional beliefs.

Copernican Revolution

Heliocentric Model - The sun is the center of the solar system.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Thinker associated with the Copernican Revolution.

Impact of Copernican Revolution

Changed how we understand the cosmos; foundation of modern astronomy.

Industrial Relevance of Copernican Revolution

Encouraged the scientific method, precision in measurement and tools.

Darwinian Revolution

Evolution by natural selection (Origin of Species, 1859).

Charles Darwin

Thinker associated with the Darwinian Revolution.

Impact of Darwinian Revolution

Changed how humans understood life, biology, and their place in nature.

Industrial Link of Darwinian Revolution

Foundation of biotechnology, agriculture, and genetics; used in food science and crop development.

Freudian Revolution

The unconscious mind influences behavior; introduced psychoanalysis.

Sigmund Freud

Thinker associated with the Freudian Revolution.

Impact of Freudian Revolution

Changed how we understand human behavior, emotion, and decision-making.

Tech Link of Freudian Revolution

Applications in ergonomics, marketing, and design thinking in industrial workplaces.

Information Revolution

Rapid shift from analog to digital; rise of information and communication technology.

Timeline of Information Revolution

20th century to present.

Impact of Information Revolution

Digital transformation of work, society, education, and communication.

Industrial Link of Information Revolution

Automation, AI, robotics, CAD/CAM, IoT — all essential in modern industrial technology.

Meso-American Knowledge

Civilizations: Maya, Aztec; Innovations: Calendar systems, astronomy, engineering (pyramids), irrigation.

Asian Knowledge System - China

Innovations: Gun Powder, Compass, Paper making, Printing.

Asian Knowledge System - India

Innovations: Concept of Zero, Early Metallurgy, Ayurveda.

Middle Eastern Knowledge

Golden Age of Islam (8th-13th centuries); Innovations: Algebra, optics, astronomy, medicine, mechanical clocks.

African Knowledge System

Civilizations: Egypt, Mali, Nubia, Ethiopia; Innovations: Metallurgy (iron smelting in Nok), architecture (pyramids), math, medicine.

Relevance of Indigenous Knowledge Systems

Proof of early industrial design, urban planning, and sustainable farming.