Chapter 7: Skeletal System (Bone Composition)

Human Physiology

What are the types of bone functions?

1. Support and Protect Softer Tissues

2. Movement

3. Protection

4. Blood Cell Formation

5. Storage of Minerals

What are some classes of bone according to shape?

1. Long Bones

2. Short Bones

3. Flat Bones

4. Irregular Bones

Femur and forearm are examples of BLANK bones.

Long Bones

Bones in wrists and ankles are examples of BLANK bones.

Short Bones

Ribs and skull are examples of BLANK bones.

Flat Bones

Vertebrae and facial bones are examples of BLANk bones.

Irregular Bones

Round Bones aka BLANK

Sesamoid Bones

Small and nodular and embedded within tendons adjacent to joints are BLANK?

Round Bones (sesamoid bones)

Patella is an example of a BLANK bone.

Round Bone

An expanded end of a long bone is BLANK.

Epiphysis

What part of a long bone articulates with another bone?

The Epiphysis

BLANK cartilage located on epiphysis.

Articular

What part of the long bone is largely composed of spongy bone (bony plates/trabeculae)?

Articular Carticular

The shaft of the long bone is called the BLANK?

Diaphysis

What part of the long bone has a wall that is composed of compact bone (no gaps)?

Diaphysis

The widening part of the bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis is called the BLANK?

Metaphysis

BLANK is a tough, vascular, fibrous membrane covering the diaphysis of a bone.

Periosteum

What part of a long bone functions to form and repair bone tissue?

Periosteum

A bone usually has BLANK overlying spongy bone with the relative amounts of each varying in differently shaped bones.

Compact Bone

BLANK is a semi-rigid tube with a hollow chamber.

Medullary Cavity

BLANK runs through the diaphysis.

Medullary Cavity

What lines the medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bone?

Endosteum

Endosteum contains BLANK cells.

Bone Forming

What fills the spaces of bone?

Bone Marrow

What are the types of bone marrow?

Red and Yellow

What do bone marrow primarily do?

Make blood cells

Bone cells are also called BLANK.

Osteocytes

Tiny chambers that contain osteocytes are called BLANK.

Lacunae

Lacunae form concentric circles around BLANK.

Central (Haversian) canals

BLANK transport nutrients and wastes to and from nearby cells.

Osteocytes

Cellular processes of osteocytes pass through BLANK.

Canaliculi

Extracellular matrix of bone is composed of what things?

1. Collagen gives bones resilience

2. Inorganic salts make bone hard

A cylinder-shaped unit of compact bone is called an BLANK.

Osteon

BLANK is formed when many osteons come together.

Compact Bone

Central canals contain BLANK and BLANK.

Blood Vessels and Nerves

BLANK contain larger blood vessels and nerves.

Perforating Canals

BLANK are composed of osteocytes and extracellular material.

Trabeculae (Branching Plates)

Parts of the skeleton begin to form during the first few weeks of BLANK.

Prenatal Development

BLANK structures continue to grow until adulthood.

Bony

Bones form by BLANK existing connective tissues.

Replacing

BLANK originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissue.

Intramembranous Bones

BLANK originate as masses of cartilage that are later replaced by bone.

Endochondral

Clavicles, sternum, some facial bones of the skull are all examples of BLANK.

Intramembranous Bones

Osteogenesis is BLANK.

Bone Development

Osteoblasts are BLANK.

Bone Forming Cells

Osetoblats deposit BLANK around themselves.

Bony Matrix

As development continues, BLANK may become surrounded by matrix.

Osteoblasts

Once isolated, osteoblasts become BLANK.

Osteocytes

BLANK surrounds bone.

Periosteum

BLANK is the process of replacing connective tissue to form a BLANK bone.

Intramembranous Ossification; Intramembranous

Most of the bones of the skeleton are BLANK.

Endochondral Bones

Endochondral bones develop as masses of BLANK.

Hyaline Cartilage

Eventually the cartilage in BLANK decompes?

Endochondral Bones

As the cartilage decomposes, BLANK forms from connective tissue that encircles the developing structure.

Periosteum

Osteoblasts form BLANK in the spaces previously housed by cartilage.

Spongy Bone

BLANK is the process of forming an BLANK bone by the replacement of hyaline cartilage.

Endochondral Ossification; Endochondral

BLANK is an area in the BLANK of a long bone in which the bony tissues begin to replace hyaline cartilage.

Primary Ossification Center; Diaphysis

The secondary ossification center appears where?

In the epiphyses

What is a band of cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers?

The Epiphyseal Plate

The epiphyseal plate is commonly known as BLANK.

Growth Plate

In a long bone, the diaphysis is separated from the epiphysis by an BLANK.

Epiphyseal Plate

The cartilaginous cells in an epiphyseal plate form BLANK layers.

Four

As new cells appear, the cartilaginous plate in the epiphyseal plate BLANK.

Thickens

Osteoclasts do what?

Break down exta bone

After osteoclasts remove the extracellular matrix, BLANK invade the region and deposit bone tissue in place of calcified cartilage.

Bone-building Osteoblasts

BLANK forms when osteoclasts erode bone tissue in the diaphysis.

Medullary Cavity

The bone in the central regions of the BLANK and BLANK remains spongy.

Epiphyses; Diaphysis

BLANK on the ends of the medullary cavity persists as articular cartilage.

Hyaline Cartilage

What precent of bone calcium is exchanged each year?

3-5%

What are factors that affect bone development, growth, and repair?

1. Nutrition

2. Exposure to sunlight

3. Hormonal Secretions

4. Physical Exercise

What is the importance of Vitamin D?

It is necessary for proper absorption of dietary calcium in the small intestine. With out this rickets and osteomalacia can occur.

What is the importance of Growth Hormone?

Without enough dwarfism can occur and with to much gigantism and acromegaly can occur.

What is the Importance in vitamin A?

It is important for normal bone development. With not enough of this vitamin it retards bone development.

What is the Importance in vitamin C?

It is important for collagen synthesis. With not enough it results in fragile bones.

What are other facts that affect bone growth?

Insufficient thyroid Hormone- delays bone growth

Sex Hormones- Promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates

Physical Stress- Stimulates bone growth

What is the first step that bone uses in repairing a fracture?

Blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels and forms a hematoma

What is the second step that bone uses in repairing a fracture?

Spongy bone forms in regions close to the developing blood vessels, and fibrocartilage forms in distant regions.

What is the third step that bone uses in repairing a fracture?

A hard (bony) callus replaces the fibrocartilage

What is the fourth step that bone uses in repairing a fracture?

Osteoclasts remove excess boney tissue, restoring new bone structure much like the original.

What is the first step in how a fracture heals?

Osteoblasts invade the area

What is the second step in how a fracture heals?

Spongy bone develops; Fiber cartilage forms in distant areas (cartilaginous callous)

What is the third step in how a fracture heals?

Bony Callous Forms

What is the fourth step in how a fracture heals?

Osteoclasts remove extra bone, leaving you with one that looks like new

What is an open(compound) fracture?

It breaks the skin

What is a closed (simple) fracture?

It does not break the skin

What is a complete fracture?

Fracture goes all the way through the bone

What is an incomplete fracture?

Fracture does NOT go all the way through the bone

What does displaced mean?

The bone is not in alignment

What does not displaced mean?

In normal alignment

What is a transverse fracture?

A fracture going straight across; at a right angle

What is a oblique fracture?

A fracture at an angle

What is a comminuted fracture?

Bone fragments into many pieces

What is a spiral fracture?

Spirals around bone

What is a Greenstick fracture?

Incomplete fracture, bone is often bent. (caused by force from opposite side)

What is a stress fracture?

Hairline break caused by overuse

What is a impacted (buckle) fracture?

Ends are pushed together

What is a fissured fracture?

Is an incomplete longitudinal break