A&P Chapters 1,3,4

prone

on stomach, thumbs in, pinkies out

supine (anatomical position)

on back, pinkies in, thumbs out

medial/lateral

closer to/farther from the midline

proximal/distal

closer/farther from the point of attachment

anterior/posterior

front/back

superior/inferior

above/below

superficial/deep

closer to/farther from the surface of the skin

cephalic

head

occipital

back of the head

cervical

neck

sternal

sternum

thoracic

chest

vertebral/spinal

spine

lumbar

lower back

sacral

sacrum

abdominal

abdomen

pelvic

pelvis

gluteal

glutes

inguinal

groin

pubic

pubis

axillary

armpit

acromial

point of shoulder

antecubital

anterior elbow

brachial

arm (bicep)

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

pollex

thumb

digital

fingers/toes

tarsal

ankle

metacarpal

metacarpal

hallux

great toe

coxal

hip

femoral

femur

patellar

knee

popliteal

posterior knee

crural

anterior surface of leg

sural

posterior surface of leg

plantar

sole of foot

pedal

foot

manual

hand

frontal

forehead

cranial

head

ocular

eye

nasal

nose

mental

chin

otic

ear

buccal

cheek

oral

mouth

transverse plane

sagittal plane

coronal plane

cranial cavity

vertebral/spinal cavity

A

thoracic cavity

B

diaphragm

C

abdominopelvic cavity

D

right pleural cavity

E

left pleural cavity

F

mediastinum

G

pericardial cavity

H

abdominal cavity

I

pelvic cavity

serous membrane

thin, double layered sack that surrounds the organs in the ventral body cavity, prevents friction as organs move

outer layer of serous membrane

parietal layer

inner layer of serous membrane

visceral layer

serous membrane surrounding lungs

pleura

serous membrane surrounding heart

pericardium

serous membrane surrounding abdominal organs

peritoneum

A

epigastric region

B

umbilical region

C

hypogastric region

D

right/left hypochondriac region

E

right/left lumbar region

F

right/left iliac region

hierarchy of body’s structural levels

chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

homeostasis

the body’s actions in maintaining internal conditions within a stable physiological range

atoms

fundamental units of matter

cells

fundamental units of life, composed of macromolecules

tissue

groups of cells that function together

organ

groups of tissues that function together

organ system

groups of organs that work together

organs of the integumentary system

hair, skin, nails

function of the integumentary system

protects body from external environment, produces vitamin D, retains water, regulates body temperature

organs of the skeletal system

bones/joints

function of the skeletal system

supports the body, protects internal organs, leverage for movement, produces blood cells, stores calcium salts

function of the muscular system

produces movement, generates heat, controls body

organs of the nervous system

brain, spinal chord, nerves

function of the nervous system

regulates body functions, provides sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions

organs of the endocrine system

ovaries, testes, pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas, pineal gland, hypothalamus, thymus, adrenal glands

function of the endocrine system

regulates slow-acting body functions, regulates the function of various body tissues through hormone secretion

organs of the cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels

function of the cardiovascular system

delivers oxygen rich blood to tissues, delivers oxygen poor blood to the lungs, removes waste from the tissues, transports cells, nutrients, and other substances through the body

organs of the lymphatic system

lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, tonsils, thymus

function of lymphatic system

provides immunity against pathogens, returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system

organs of the respiratory system

nasal, larynx, pharynx, trachea, lungs

function of respiratory system

oxygenates the blood, removes carbon dioxide from the blood, maintains the blood’s acid-base balance

organs of the digestive system

mouth, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small/large intestine, rectum

function of digestive system

digests food, absorb nutrients into blood, removes food waste, maintain fluid balance, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

organs of the urinary system

kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra

function of the urinary system

remove metabolic waste from blood, maintains fluid and electrolyte balance, stimulates blood cell production