Midterm for PATHO

Pathophysiology w/ Aguilar

disease

disease

•  a change in structure or function within the body that is considered to be abnormal; any change from normal.

disorder

•  a derangement or abnormality of function.

syndrome

• a group of symptoms that may be caused by a specific disease but also may be caused by several interrelated problems.

Predisposing factors of Disease (Age)

Newborns are at risk of disease because their immune systems are NOT fully developed. On the other hand, older people are at risk because their immune systems are degenerating or wearing out. Old people are at risk of cancer, heart disease, stroke, senile dementia, & Alzheimer’s Disease.

Predisposing factors of Disease (Gender)

Men are at more risk for: lung cancer, gout, Parkinson’s

Women are at more risk for: osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis & breast cancer

Predisposing factors of Disease (Lifestyle)

This factor falls under a category over which the individual has some control. Examples include avoiding smoking, drinking alcohol, poor nutrition (excessive fat, salt, & sugar), adding more vegetables fruit, fiber, increase exercise, decrease stress, and use standard precautions (to prevent contamination).

Predisposing factors of Disease (Heredity)

One cannot change genetic makeup but being aware of hereditary risk factors might encourage the individual to change lifestyle behaviors to reduce risk of disease. For example, a woman who has a family history of breast or cervical cancer should be screened routinely for evidence of cancer.

pathogenesis

a description of how a particular disease progresses

etiology

the study of cause or the cause of disease

diagnosis

the identification or naming of a disease

prognosis

the predicted or expected outcome of the disease

treatment

the provision, coordination or management of health care

infection

invasion of microorganisms into the tissue, causing cell/ tissue injury, thus leading to the inflammatory response

inflammation

1. a basic pathologic process of cytologic & chemical reactions that occur in the blood vessels & tissues in response to an injury or irritation

2. a protective immune response that is triggered by any type of injury or irritant

swollen, redness & warm to the touch

Cardinal signs of inflammation

redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of motion

heredity

a cause of disease due to an abnormality in the individual’s genetic makeup. Disease may or may not be present at birth. If present at birth it is called (congenital) such as disease during pregnancy. Some abnormalities might be present but cause no effect on the individual whereas others might lead to death or spontaneous death of a child while still inside the womb.

trauma

a cause of disease due to a physical injury from an external force. It varies with age, race & residence. For example, accidents, especially falls, are a common cause of traumatic disorders in older adults, whereas motor vehicle accidents are most common in young adults.

hyperplasia

overgrowth in response to some type of stimulus

neoplasm

a ‘new growth’. An increase in cell number, leading to an increase in tissue size; commonly called tumors

nutritional imbalance

is important for maintaining good health and reducing the chance of disease. It could cause problems with physical growth, mental & intellectual changes including death. It could either be overconsumption or under-consumption of nutrients.

Examples include: malnutrition, obesity, excessive or deficient vitamins, minerals or both

signs

observable or measurable factors used to determine a diagnosis

symptoms

what the patient reports as their problem or problems

aging

complicated process that is progressive and irreversible. It results in degenerative diseases such as osteoporosis, decreased melanin production leading to graying of the hair, decreased immunity leading to infections/ cancer, loss of brain/nerve cells leading to dementia and decrease in intestinal motility leading to constipation and diverticulitis

primary bacterial infection

the first time you are exposed to and infected by a pathogen. During a —— infection, your body has no innate defenses against the organism, such as antibodies which can be developed through exposure or vaccination.

asthma

treatable not curable

a chronic allergic condition characterized by bronchospasm, wheezing, & excessive mucus formation

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arterial walls.

this is due to hypertension as the heart pumps harder and vessels constrict

atherosclerosis

accumulation of lipids in the arterial walls or hardening of the arteries due to fat accumulation

Anaphylaxis

1. severe allergic response caused by absorption of the antigen into the blood directly or through the mucous membranes.

Treatment: During an attack, FIRST a tracheostomy is required! Next comes the administration of epinephrine (vasoconstrictor & smooth muscle relaxant). Lastly, comes the administration of antihistamines and corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory hormones).

Rheumatoid Arthritis

an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of connective tissue. joint tissue is primarily affected but any connective tissue of the body might be involved

it is based on history, a physical exam along with testing such as positive skin sensitivity testing, blood testing including an elevated blood eosinophil ( a white blood cell that responds in allergic conditions) level, are indicative of allergies.

what is used to diagnose allergies?

asthma

Food allergies

Leading cause of anaphylaxis?

hay fever, asthma, urticaria (intense wheals & itching), and contact dermatitis

what are common allergic reactions?

bronchial asthma

another name for asthma?

avoidance of causative allergens, desensitization, education and medications.

Ex: deep breathing exercises, maintenance of proper posture, relaxation techniques, bronchodilators & mucolytics

what is the treatment for asthma?

rheumatoid arthritis

an autoimmune disease that causes CHRONIC inflammation of connective tissue. Joint tissue is primarily affected but any connective tissue of the body might be involved.

osteoarthritis

most common type of arthritis. It happens when the cartilage that lines your joints is worn down or damaged and your bones rub together when you use that joint.

osteoporosis

a metabolic bone disease that causes a porosity or Swiss-cheese appearance of the bone leading to decrease in bone mass/density.

osteoarthritis

a complex degenerative process or wearing out of a joint