Human growth and development

Jean Piaget

• cognitive development and child psychology

• intelligence test with Alfred Binet

• wanted to learn how children solve problems

• constructivist educational theory

• believes heredity is responsible for programming the unfolding of stages

structuralist

• universal stages of psychological development and that each stage represents qualitative differences in children's thinking processes

• Piaget proposed that children progress through these stages as they actively construct their understanding of the world.

universal constructivist

stages of development are universal and child constructs cognitive development

scheme (Piagetian theory)

patterns of organized thought or behavior

internalized/interiroized scheme

viewpoint or mental structure to learn about the world

assimilation

learning from existing scheme or taking knowledge by using a cognitive structure that already exists

accommodation

child creates new cognitive structure to deal with new information and situations

what are piaget’s four stages of development?

1. sensorimotor intelligence stage

2. pre-operational

3. concerte operations

4. formal operations

what is piaget’s stage 1 of development?

• sensorimotor intelligence stage

• occurs from birth to 2

• reflexive behavior; emphasis on senses

• object permanence

what is object permanence and when does this occur?

• symbolic or representation

• between 9th and 12th month

• child recognizes object still exists even when out of view

what is piaget’s 2nd stage of development?

• pre operational

• ages 2-7 years old

• child developed language

• egocentrism

• autonomous morality

what is piaget’s 3rd stage of development?

• concerte operations

• ages 7-11

• child is able to comprehend conversations and mental manipulate objects for the first time

what is piaget’s 4th stage of development?

• formal operations

• ages 11/12-15

• beginnings of abstract thinking, hypotheticals and deductive reasoning

heteronomous morality/moral realism

right thing is done because of those around us

independence in piaget’s development

• occurs approx at 8 years old

• rules and regulations are relative and can change

• actions are judged on the intention

lawrence kohlberg’s moral development levels and stages

1. ages 2-7 years old; pre-conventional morality (stage 1 & stage 2)

2. conventional morality (stage 3 & 4)

3. post conventional or self imposed

how does lawrence kohlberg view morality?

as a choice

level 1 of kohlberg’s morality development

• pre conventional

• occurs at ages 2-7

• consequences dicates feelings that are guided by punishment and rewards

• stage 1: obedience and reward orientation; fear of punishment

• stage 2: instrumental relativist orientation, motivated by reward

kohlberg’s level 1 stage 1 of morality development

obedience and reward orientation; fear of punishment

kohlberg’s level 1 stage 2 of morality development

instrumental relativist orientation, motivated by reward

level 2 of kohlberg’s morality development

• conventional morality

• lives up to a socially defined role

• stage 3: good boy/good girl orientation; doing the right thing to please others

• stage 4: law and order/social authority orientation

level 2 stage 3 of kohlberg’s morality development

good boy/good girl orientation; doing the right thing to please others good boy/good girl orientation; doing the right thing to please others

level 2 stage 4 of kohlberg’s morality development

law and order/social authority orientation

level 3 of kohlberg’s morality development

• post conventional or self imposed morality

• acting on principles rather than rules

• “prior to society viewpoint”

• self accepted standard of behavior

• stage 5: social morality of contact, wanting to maintain respect with equals in the community

• stage 6: universal ethical principle of conscience; concern over self-condemnation; concern with equal rights of all people

level 3 stage 5 of kohlberg’s morality development

social morality of contact, wanting to maintain respect with equals in the community

level 3 stage 6 of kohlberg’s morality development

universal ethical principle of conscience; concern over self-condemnation; concern with equal rights of all people

carol gilligan criticism over kohlberg’s theory

focused too heavily on morality and justice and ignores moral issues (compassion, caring and responsible)

freud’s developmental model is consider..

psychosexual

erik erikson’s developmental model

• identity crisis

• maturationist

• 8 stages

• psychosocial

• last lifespan

• allowed clients to relive earlier conflicts with the goal being freedom of choice

maturationist

• developmental stages are genetically determined

• free positive instincts and give the person self control over negative ones

how is erikson’s developmental stages viewed?

• 8 stages; psychosocial

• characterized by polarity

• conflicts or crisis or turning-point continuum

• an individual who fails to work successfully through one conflict at one stage may do so later

• individuals can tackle several conflicts simultaneously

epigenetic development

development proceeds according to predetermined steps or stages

ego identity

our unique self

what are the 8 stages of erikson’s psychosocial developmental?

1. infancy 0-1 years; trusts v.s mistrust

2. early childhood 1-3 years; autonomy vs. shame and doubt

3. preschool 3-6 years old; initiative v.s guilt

4. school age; 6-12 years; industry v.s inferiority

5. adolescence; 12-18 years old; identity v.s role confusion

6. young adulthood; 18-40 years old; intimacy v.s isolation

7. middle adulthood; 40-65 years old; generativity v.s stagnation

8. late adulthood; 65+ integrity v.s despair

erikson’s stage 1

• infancy; 0-1

• trust v.mistrust> hope

• infant learns whether to trust caregivers to meet basic needs

• consistent care builds trust

• neglect or inconsistency creates mistrust