Module III

Who is a major proponent of the 'structural functional' approach in sociology for crime and deviance?

Robert K. Merton

What is Merton's theory that describes a breakdown in norms and values due to the inability to achieve goals legitimately?

Anomie

What major award was Robert K. Merton awarded by the American Society of Criminology?

Edwin Sutherland Award

What does Merton suggest is a symptom of social malfunctioning in a society where the social system is functioning properly?

Crime is a minor issue.

What two cultural forces contribute to the production of anomie according to Merton?

Unequal distribution of opportunities and malintegration of culture.

What adaptation to anomie does the upper class primarily exhibit?

Conformity - accepting norms and values.

What adaptation to anomie involves accepting goals but rejecting norms, particularly in the lower class?

Innovation.

In what year did Merton publish 'Continuities in the Theory of Social Structure and Anomie'?

What criticism argues that Merton's theory overestimates crime in the lower class and underestimates it in the upper class?

Class bias.

What adaptation to anomie involves rejecting existing norms and values while accepting new ones?

Rebellion.

Who is known for creating the labeling theory that emphasizes society's reaction to deviance?

Howard Becker

What significant experience shaped the views of the creator of labeling theory on social control?

Working as a social worker.

Where did the person recognized as the progenitor of labeling theory join for their sociology department?

UCLA.

What prestigious award did Howard Becker receive for his contributions to criminology?

The Edwin Sutherland Award.

What is one of Howard Becker's notable works that approaches sociopathic behavior?

Social Pathology – Systematic Approach to the Theory of Sociopathic Behavior.

In what notable work does Becker discuss human deviance and social problems?

Human Deviance, Social Problems & Social Control.

What are the three forms of criminality identified by Becker in criminal differentiation?

Individual, Situational, and Systematic.

What are the two types of societal reaction to crime according to Becker?

Formal (by authorities) and Informal (by the public).

What defines primary deviance in relation to criminal identity?

Sporadic crime with minimal effect on identity.

What critique does Lemert make about the relationship between primary and secondary deviance?

Lemert underplays the importance of primary deviance, which often precedes secondary deviance.

What is one of Howard Becker's key works that studies deviance?

Outsiders: Studies in Sociology of Deviance.

What is another key work by Howard Becker that focuses on research methodology?

Tricks of the Trade: How to Think about Your Research while Doing It.

How does Becker define deviance?

Deviance is created by social groups that make rules whose infraction constitutes deviance and apply those rules to individuals, labeling them as outsiders.

What method does Becker advocate for studying deviance?

Naturalistic Approach through qualitative methods like life histories and participant observation.

What does Becker mean by 'contingent causation'?

It suggests that individuals make choices within constrained conditions, rejecting strict determinism and complete free will.

What are the stages of becoming a marijuana user according to Becker?

Stage 1: Learning to smoke correctly; Stage 2: Recognizing effects as 'being high'; Stage 3: Enjoyment in sensations socially learned.

What social control challenges do marijuana users face?

Supply, secrecy, and morality, where they must access the drug, conceal use, and rationalize their behavior against societal norms.

What are the four types of deviance identified by Becker?

Falsely accused, true conformist, true deviant, and secret deviant.

What does Becker suggest happens in Stage 1 of a deviant career?

Individuals act on deviant impulses while battling moral restraints and may use neutralization techniques to justify their behavior.

What impact does being publicly labeled as deviant have?

It changes one's social status and self-identity, leading to an identity transformation.

What role does joining a deviant group play in a deviant career?

It reinforces identity as an outsider and provides justifications for deviance through group solidarity.

What critique involves Becker's perceived reliance on Lemert's ideas?

His work is criticized as a repackaging of Lemert’s societal reaction theory.

What focus in Becker's theory has drawn critique regarding deviance?

The emphasis on secondary deviance over primary deviance, leaving the origins of initial deviant impulses largely unexplained.

What challenge in Becker's framework concerns secret deviants?

He struggles to explain 'closet deviants' who keep their activities secret and avoid public labeling.

What limitation is noted regarding Becker's categorization of deviance?

His work lacks distinction between victimless crimes, harmful criminal acts, and other deviant actions.