Chapter 1: What is biotechnology.

What is the definition of biotechnology?

Fusion of Technology and Biology

What are the three traditional biotechnology products

yogurt, bread, and cheese

What are the two examples of modern biotechnology products?

Therapeutic drugs and enzymes in laundry detergents

When did the modern biotechnology industry begin?

1970’s

When did early humans begin selectively breeding plants and livestock

8,000 BC

When was wine first invented?

4,000 BC

Who developed brewing and cheesemaking? When?

Sumerians and Egyptians, 2,000 BC

What was the first antibiotic used? which culture? When?

Soybean curds, Chinese, 500 BC

Who developed the first small pox vaccine? When?

edward Jenner 1796

who discovered proteins?

Jons Jakob

When was the origin of species published?

1859

When was pasteurization first developed?

1861

when did Mendel establish the principles of genetics?

1865

Who developed the first rabies vaccine? What year?

Louis Pasteur in 1885

when did the term “biotechnology” first appear in print?

1919

Who discovered penicillin? what year?

Alexander Fleming 1928

Who discovered DNA as the carrier of genetic information?

Oswald Avery

When was the double-helix structure of DNA discovered?

1953

When was mRNA discovered?

1961

When was the gene first completely synthesized?

1971

When was recombinant insulin produced? By which company?

1977, genentech

When was DNA fingerprinting first used?

1984

when were the first genetically modified tobacco plants grown?

1986

when was the human genome project completed?

1990

What was the first cloned mammal? what year?

Sheep, 1997

when was golden rice developed?

1999

When was the human genome project completed?

2003

when was the first HPV vaccine approved?

2003

when was the first self-replicating bacterial cell created?

2010

When was CRISPR-CAS9 used for gene editing?

2012

When were mRNA vaccines first used?

2021

What are the different sectors in biotechnology?

research, Healthcare, Agriculture, Manufacturing?

What are the key techniques in biotechnology?

Molecular Biology, cell biology, genetic engineering.

What is the ethical consideration around biotechnology?

just cause we can doesn’t mean we should.

What are the tools in biotechnology>

Whole cells, DNA, RNA, Proteins

what are the two of the key instruments in biotechnology?

Spectrophotometers and PCR machines

What is chromatography?

Sort

What is the gene transfer

Delivery system

What is protein purification?

final product

What is spectrophotometer?

Quantify DNA proteins via light

What is PCR?

Amplify DNA

What are the key concepts behind using biotechnology in national defense?

forensics and national defense

Which company was the founding biotechnology company? what was their first product.

genentech, Humulin

What is the difference between biotech and pharmaceutical industries?

bio= biological Pharma=chemical

Who are the key users of biotechnology?

Including R&D, laboratory work, and non-laboratory roles.

What is genomics?

Study of entire genome

What is proteomics?

Study of all of protein expression

What is precision medicine?

targeted to rapies based on genetic profile.

What happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development?

in vivo and in vitro

What happens during phase I clinical trials?

tens of volunteers

what happens during phase II clinical traits?

hundreds of volunteers

What happens during phase III clinical trials?

thousands of volunteers

What are the four common hazards in a lab?

Chemical, Biological, Physical, fire related

What does OSHA recommend to ensure safety?

training, PPE, and procedural awareness

What must initial and recurring training cover?

Equipment location, safe handling, and procedural awareness

What is PPE?

Personal protective equipment

When should PPE be worn?

at all times

What is eye protection?

googles, splash guards, uv face shields

What is hand protection?

latex/nitrile gloves based on hazard types

What are body/foot protection?

lab coats, closed toe shoes required

What is the MSDS?

Material Safety data Sheets

When should fume hoods be used?

when handling volatile or hazardous substances

What are biosafety levels?

categorization of labs by hazard

What is BSL 1?

used for non-disease-causing organisms; basic PPE

What is BSL 2?

Moderate hazards; requires access restriction, signage, biological safety cabinets for aerosols

What is BSL 3 and 4?

High level pathogens

How should microorganisms be disposed?

by Autoclave or 10% bleach

What tools measure volume?

graduated cylinder, volumetric flask, and pipettes

What tools measure mass?

Analytical balances

What is normal body temp?

37c

What is normal room temp?

22c

What are pH meters?

concentration of hydrogen ions

How should glassware be cleaned?

autoclave

What is an autoclave?

it cleans lab stuff

What are the different methods for disinfection?

10% bleach, 70% ethanol, UV light

What is the purpose of a lab notebook?

To know who discovered what when

What are SI units?

grams, liters, degrees Celsius

What is the dilution formula?

C1V1=C2V2