WC 2 test 2

Luddite Movement (or riots)

At the time, working conditions in the factories are terrible and the workers blame technology

Due to this, workers destroy machines because they blame them for the change

Trade Union

Association of trade workers formed to gain higher wages and better working conditions

Trade Union Congress

a federation of trade unions in the United Kingdom, representing the majority of trade unions

strike

An organized work stoppage intended to force an employer to address union demands.

general strike

a strike involving all the workers in a particular geographic location

conservatives

people who generally favor limited government and are cautious about change

Liberals

people who generally favor government action and view change as progress

David Ricardo/Iron Law of Wages

He proposed the iron law of wages, which was a theory proposed suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.

John Stuart Mill

English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873)

Charles Dicken

wrote about the negative aspects of the Industrial Revolution including the slums where many workers lived

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Utopian Socialism

Utopian Socialsim is an ideal society that is based on socialist ideals like Louis Blanc and Charles Fourier

Robert Owen

Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858)

Fabian Socialists

stressed the need for the workers to use their right to vote to capture the House of Commons and pass legislation that would benefit the working class. They wanted evolutionary socialism.

Evolutionary Socialism

This was the work that suggested that socialists should combine with other progressive forces to win gradual evolutionary gains for workers through legislation, unions, and further economic development

Marxism/Communism

A political/economic system based on public ownership of the means of production. The theory that in a struggle over resources, the elite will dominate. Eventually the proletariat will create a classless state

Karl Marx

founder of modern communism

Communist Manifesto

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.

Anarchism

A political theory favoring the abolition of governments

Evangelicalism

Style of Christian ministry that includes much zeal and enthusiasm. Emphasizes personal conversion and faith rather than religious ritual

John Wesley

English clergyman and founder of the methodist church (1703-1791)

Methodists

Members of a Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion. (Poorer communities)

Charles Darwin, Origin of Species

Presented the theory of evolution, which proposed that creation was an ongoing process in which mutation and natural selection constantly give rise to new species. Sparked a long-running religious debate over the issue of creation.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Libertadores

The principal leaders of the Latin American wars of independence from Spain and Portugal. They were largely bourgeois criollos (local-born people of European, mostly of Spanish or Portuguese, ancestry) influenced by liberalism and in most cases with military training in the mother country).

Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Gran Columbia

Bolivar's plan to unite Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia and Columbia. They united in 1822 but broke part in 1830 because of geography(mountains separated them). He hope it would be a workable union for all Latin American states

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

Old Sarum

Famous rotten borough with 11 eligible voters, still sent 2 MPs to Parliament

Manchester

City in England; one of the leading industrial areas; example of an Industrial Revolution City; first major rail line linked Manchester to Liverpool in 1830.

Lord Grey

the british foreign minister; only statesmen in europe that recognized the war would be long and hard

Great reform act

Law passed in 1832 that expanded the suffrage; widely seen as a key step toward democracy in Britain

Gladstone

Liberal - domestic reforms, national court, secret ballot, education.

Education Act of 1870

its goal was to decrease illiteracy; it was created by the liberals (Gladstone); it created a national education system; in a few years, school enrollment doubled and illiteracy greatly decreased.

Charles Parnell

led Irish nationalists seeking a debate on home rule, or self-government, in parliament

home rule

power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs

French Revolution of 1848

Overthrew the monarchy established in 1830; briefly established a democratic republic; failure of the republic led to the reestablishment of the French Empire under Napoleon III in 1850.

Louis Philippe

King of France following Charles X. Abdicated the throne against threat of republican revolution (smelled his popularity was diminishing)

June Days

govt had taken more concern with Upper and middle class interests, so workers revolted; Resulted in bourgeoisie distrust of socialists and working class hatred of bourgeoisie

Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon)

-elected president of France
-became emperor of France
-rebuilt Paris

Prussia and the Hohenzollerns

a strong military state that emerged in europe in the late 1600s. and a ruling family who united holdings and created prussia

Hapsburgs of Austria

One of two German-speaking families who tried to become absolute monarchs following the Thirty Years' War

Frederick William IV

A king and leader of Prussia who was unable to unify Germany "from above," he was replaced by William I

Frankfurt Assembly

German Parliament met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a constitution for a united Germany

William I

The Leader of Prussia who wanted military expansion, and hired Bismarck to further his goals

Otto von Bismarck

(1815-1898) German prime minister who intentionally provoked three wars to provide the people with a sense of nationalism.

Realpolitik/Blood and Iron

the politics of reality; "the great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or majority votes but by blood and iron" need war not democracy

Danish War

In 1864 after three months of fighting Denmark surrendered to Prussia and Austria. They were forced to give up two duchies, Prussia would administer Schleswig and Austria would administer Holstein.

Schleswig-Holstein

Two duchies located south of Denmark. In 1863 Schleswig was annexed by Denmark prompting Bismarck's Danish War.

7 Weeks War (Austro-Prussian War)

2nd war of German unification

Battle of Sadowa
- The decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian War, in which the Kingdom of Prussia defeated the Austrian Empire.
- Prussian army "crushes" Austrian Army
\> Austria so terribly defeated they could easily be conquered, but that is not Bismark's goal

Leopold von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringien

King of Spain during the Franco-Prussian war

He is responsible for the start of the war
-He's a family member of Prussian house William I

He's a major Christian, so he turns down the war

Ems Dispatch

A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war.

Franco-Prussian War

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

Battle of Sedan

Prussian armies went into France and at Sedan they captured the entire French army and Napoleon III.
4 months later Paris collapsed and the war was officially over.

Treaty of Frankfurt

The end of the Franco-Prussian War, which ceded the territories of Alsace and most of Lorraine to Germany.

Alsace-Lorraine

Territory taken by Germany from France as a rest of the Franco Prussian war. Was later returned to France as a result of German defeat in WWI

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Jim crow

Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government

Abolition

The movement to make slavery and the slave trade illegal. Begun by Quakers in England in the 1780s.

abrham lincoln

Republican president who won the election of 1860 and lead the union throughout the Civil War. Thought slavery was wrong

Reinsurance Treaty

Bismarck's secret negotiation with Russia/ alliance

William II

This new German emperor opposed Bismarck, fired him, and ended up being less successful than Bismarck anyway

Dual Alliance

Bismarck's (Germany's) secret treaty with Austria which provided for support if attacked by Russia.

Boer War

A conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Boers and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa.

Boers

Also known as Afrikaners, the sector of the white population of South Africa that was descended from early Dutch settlers.

Concentration Camps

Detention centers for civilians considered enemies of the state

Mahan/The Influence of Seapower upon History

Author of "The Influence of Sea Power" in which he argued a strong navy was essential for the protection of American interests

Entente Cordiale

(1904) Britain gained control of Egypt. France gained control of Morocco. But not a written alliance only and agreement. Basically against Germany.

Algiceras Conference

reaffirmed the independence of the sultan and the economic equality of the powers, and it provided that French and Spanish police officers be under a Swiss inspector general.

Francis Ferdinand

(1863-1914) Heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started World War I.

Prinzep

Serbian terrorist who assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Wartime Socialism

In wartime, it is acceptable for the govt. to seize industries to further the war effort

DORA

Defense of the Realm Act

Women and World War I

-replaced men who went to work (did men's work)
-many volunteered
-many were fired when the men came home
-created a perfect opportunity for a change in womens' rights

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

African Americans and World War I

370,000 African Americans drafted; they face rampant discrimination and prejudice in the army, where their units were completely segregated from white units. They weren't allowed to serve in the Marines Corps and the 10,000 in the navy were restricted to lower ranks.

Lawrence of Arabia

British military officer who incited the Arabs in Arabia to revolt against their Turkish lords

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

An agreement between the british and the french. France gets Syria and Lebanon, and Britain gets Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan.

Rupert Brooke

wrote "The Soldier"

"The Soldier"

Brooke also had to ponder his own possible death in hispoem

"Peace"

Brooke thanks God for being called to war/ first poem

Wilfrid Owen

wrote Dulce et Decorum Est/ poet like rupert

Dulce Et Decorum Est

title means that it is sweet and honorable to die for your country/The poem is about a gas attack - phosgene gas. A gas that slowlyrotted out the lungs of people who breathed it. There was no cure,and the death was horrific.

Machine Gun

An automatic gun that fires bullets in rapid succession for as long as the trigger is pressed.

Artillery

large-caliber guns used in warfare on land.

Industrial output

This is an indicator of future economic growth as it is the manufacturing output of the nation.

war

organized, armed conflict among the people of two or more nations, directed by their governments

Falkenhayn

German General, replaced Moltke after he failed at the Marne. Very cruel General, in favor of poison gas.

Battle of Verdun

Battle fought between French and German armies from February to December 1916; more than 700,000 people died - one of the most costly battles of the WWI.

Pal's Battalions

of World War I were specially constituted battalions of the British Army comprising men who had enlisted together in local recruiting drives, with the promise that they would be able to serve alongside their friends, neighbours and colleagues, rather than being arbitrarily allocated to battalions.

Haig

the commander of British Forces, made plans to attack along the Somme River - the Battle of the Somme

Battle of the Somme

A 1916 WWI (1914-1918) battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate, the bitter three-month conflict is notable for the high number of casualties- 1.25 million men killed or wounded - and the first use of tanks in warfare.

Tsar Nicholas

the emperor of Russia who was forced to abdicate his throne and flee with his family before WWI

U Boat

a German submarine that was the first submarine employed in warfare, initially used during WW1

Lenin

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

Hindenburg and Ludendorff

German generals who defeated the Russians on the Eastern Front at the Battle of Tannenberg & the Masurian Lakes in 1914 & by 1916 had begun to govern Germany

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Clemenceau

French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929)

Wilson

fter a policy of neutrality at the outbreak of World War I, Wilson led America into war in order to "make the world safe for democracy."