Changing urban systems

urban area

a densely populated area characterized by significant human development, including buildings, infrastructure, and a high concentration of human activity

urbanization

An increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. It can be caused by rural-to-urban migration, higher rates of natural increase in urban areas,

urban spawrl

The unplanned and uncontrolled physical expansion of an urban area into the surrounding countryside. It is closely linked to the processes of suburbanization.

Counter‑urbanization:

Process involving the movement of population away from larger urban areas to smaller urban areas

Reasons for counter urbanization (6)

• high land prices

• congestion

• pollution

• high crime rates

• a lack of community

• declining services

Reurbanization

• The development of activities to increase residential population densities within the existing built-up area of a city.

• This includes the redevelopment of vacant land, the refurbishment of housing and the development of new business enterprises.

brownfield site

Abandoned, derelict or under‑used industrial buildings and land that may be contaminated but have potential for redevelopment.

suburb

A residential area within or just outside the boundaries of a city.

ecological footprint

The theoretical measurement of the amount of land and water a population requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its waste under prevailing technology.

suburbanization

The outward growth of towns and cities to engulf surrounding villages and rural areas. This may result from the out‑migration of population from the inner urban area to the suburbs or from inward rural–urban movement.

Natural increase

When the birth rate is higher than the death rate in a country or place

Gentrification

reinvestmenet of capital into inner-city areas. It is an improvement of residential areas, although there is an an economic dimension. It is common in areas where there are brownfield sites.

advs of gentrification (5)

urban renewable, improved services, increased property values, reduced crime rates, eocnomic opportunities

dis of gentrification (3)

displacement o low income residents, loss of cultural identity, social polarization (gap between newcomers and existing residents --> social segrgation), limited benefits for ogs

Deindustrialization

the long-term, absolute decline in employment in the manufacturing sectors of an economy. It refers to a loss of jobs rather than a decline in productivity.

Causes of deindustrialization

globalization, increasing costs of raw materials, automation and new technology, the introduction of a rival product, fall in demand, overseas competition from NICs, a rise in vosts, removal of subsidy, lack of capital, Tertiarisation

Pros of Deindustrialization (3)

urban renewable, innovative architecture (utilise browngield sites to regenerate such araes), low energy uses —> environmental sustainbility, introduction of modern form of technology

Cons of Deindustrialization

1. umemployment, job losses,

2. Decline in the variety of commodities or manufactured products.

3. Decline in the service provision in urban areas.

4. Lead to the outmigration of people

5. Increase in crime levels

6. Widen the gender gap

Positive deindustrialization

when industries reduce their workforce to increase productivity through mechanization and rationalization. This makes the industry more competitive.

Negative deindustrialization

when particular industries decline without any compensating rise in productivity or mechanization.