APUSH I.D. Term Midterm

Bering Isthmus (Land Bridge)

The Only Marine Gateway Between the Artic and Pacific ocean (Russia to Alaska) which is one of the pathways Native Americans used to to get from Europe/Asia to North America.

Bering Isthmus Other Impacts

1. Because of the cold climate and small quantity Indians traveled across it, Native Americans lost their antibodies to European Diseases (causing problems when the Europeans came later on).

2. Lack of domesticated animals they brought with also took away antibodies to sickness such as Small Pox.

Clovis Tip

A new type of spear point thought to be invented by North American Indians after the Ice age. (Used to kill animals such a Wooly Mammoths).

Clovis Tip Other Impacts

1. This more efficient spearhead, combined with the stuggle to adjust to warming climates helped cause animals to be hunted to extintion (Ex. Wooly Mammoth).

2. Having no food large animals for food left and changing geography caused Native Americans to shift (as pop. declined) lifestyle towards farming

Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Revolution)

Native Americans shifting lifestyles and adapting to decreasing food supplies by incorporating farming. (Ex. Slash and burn farming style, cutting parts of forests, burning brush to fertilize and planting for 10-20 years before moving to another place and repeating).

Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Revolution) Other Impacts

1. The semi-sedentary (sometimes moving) caused tribes that partook to not accumulate many goods as they could only take so much when they moved.

2. The culture of lacking possesions was aliem to Europeans and shaped some interactions between them

Mesoamerica

Area in Northamerica staring in modern-day central Mexico and extends down through central America.

Mesoamerica Other Impacts

1

1. Brought first urban settlements and produced MAIZE (which revolutionizes north american food production)

2. Olmec's blood sacrifice, Mayan's writing system, Aztec human sacrifice, which caused Indians to side with Spanish and go against Aztecs to avoid being Sacrificed.

Three Sisters

corn, beans, squash. hugely improved Indian food production and grew populations and stabilized communities. The three crops worked together and replenished soil and provided most nutrients needed for survival.

Three Sisters Other Impacts

1. While making thriving communities, it also increased rick for drought.

2)Populations got very big, which led to problems, ex. Fall of Chohokia.

Chahokia (Farmers)

Big Urban Center in SE on SE border of Modern day Illinois.

Largest Missisipian Settlement (bigger than precolonial cities 1708)

Chahokia (Farmers) Other Impacts

1)Big agricultural peeps, espicially THREE SISTERS, and made farming tools that were wanted by neighboring societies

2)Reliance on three sisters made them suceptible to drought as well as big pop they coudln't feed so Chahokia collapses.

Left for more Hospitable areas.

Chaco Canyon

In Southwest, modern day day mexico Inhabited by ANASAZI. Center of agriculture production + distribution of agriculture products and water.

Chaco Canyon other impacts

1. Large, complex, bigger thanany amercian civilization before 1800's

2. likely colllapsed during time of great droughts (like Chahokia)

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of ideas, food, crops, diseases and people between New and Old world after Columbus's voyage to the Americas (1492)

Columbian Exchange Other Impacts

1. The transfer of diseases devestated Indian populations, crops, animals, goods and trade flows.

2. Spurred European population growth, leading to further European colonization and impacted both Euro and Indian cultural practices (through exposure introductions to all the new things from the exchange)

Endocomienda System

A legal system employed by Spanish crown during Spanish colonization of Americas to regulate Native American Labor

A specified bumber of Natives were granted to a Spaniard for whom they were supposed to take protect and convert and could force to work

Started out mutally benificial, to protect Indians+convert to christianity and fufill labor needs of Spanish but turned into Slave labor

Endocomienda System Other Impacts

1. Started out mutally benificial, to protect Indians+convert to christianity and fufill labor needs of Spanish but turned into Slave labor

2. Bartholeme de las Casas played a large role in the outlawing of the Endocominenda system (Historia apologetica and A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies).

Treaty of Tordisillas

Document by the Pope (1494) dividing New world between Spain and Portugal. Spain got everything East of brazil, and Portugal got brazil and everything West (Africa)

Treaty of Tordisillas Other Impacts

1. Paved the way for Spanish exploration and conquest of The New World, and recognized Portugal's dominance of sailing around Africa.

2. Portugal having Africa contrubited to their initial involvement and then boom of the Slave Trade

Black Legend

16th century Euro-made propaganda agaisnt hte Spanish describing Spanish atrocites against Indians, speifically during their colonization of North America.

Black Legend Other Impacts

The Europeans used The Black Legend as justification to Challange Spain in The New World, over-looking their own mistreatment of Indians

Protestant Reformation

Inspired by Martin Luther's 95 Theses, religious reform movement in 1500's europe creating Protestantism. Bible is central authority, not Pope

Protestant Reformation Other Impacts

1. Directly challenging Pope's Authority + Treaty of Tordesillas (challenging Spains empire).

2. Ups literacy rates as bible is central to Protestantism

Mercantilism

Economic system in Western World, trade is zero-sum-game (I get 1$ they lose 1$), exporting more than importing. Thomas Munn supported this and stressed to importance of colonies to mercantalist goals

Mercantilism Other Impacts

1. Colonies helped mercantilism because they gave good back to the Mother Country that they would otherwise have to purchase (grain, sugar, Tobacco)

2. Gives Mother country export outlets, increasing jobs and industrial devolopment at home

Ecological Nets

Indian lifestyle where tribes diversified survival methods by combining life-sustainging methods (Hunting, Gathering, Fishing, Farming) according to Enviromental Surroundings

Ecological Nets Other Impacts

1. Disrupted by European contact that revolved around trade, to trade more goods, they focused often on hunting more, losing ecological nets

2. This Impacted enviroment, lead to Indian+Indian conflict over hunting grounds and fur-bearing animal pops. dwindled.

3. Loss of eco-nets>>>>>dependancy on Euro Goods (trade)

John Cabot

First English explorer in new World, discovered Newfoundland

John Cabot Other Impacts

1. Instumental in the devolment of Transatlantic Trade between England and Americas

2. Colonization of Newfoundland, paved the way for future English colomization of America

Richard Hakluyt

English Writer famous for encouraging Birtish colonizaton of America, Discourse on Western Planting

Richard Hakluyt Other Impacts

1. Used Mercantilist Argument that colonization would provide new Markets for English exports, employment for Englands poor, and a way to get goods they would otherwise get from their competitors.

2. Stressed the importance of state finacial support for colonization in discourse

Bartolome de las Casas

Bartolome de las Casas Other Impacts

Juan Gines de Supulveda

Juan Gines de Supulveda Other Impacts

Covenant Chain

Agreement between Iroquois and British colonies in the 17th century. To help preserve peace and trade-relations with the British, Iriquois helped pacify Tribes hostile to British Settlements

Convenant Chain Other Impacts

1. Iriquois launched Beaver Wars (1603-1701) to gain hunting grounds for animal skin to trade for Euro goodsand replenish lost Iriquois things lost from disease and war.

2. Helped Solidify Irquois dominace in Ohio Valley

3. Gave Britain a solid foothold in 17th century America, helping ease their Westward expansion

Joint-stock Companies

Companies made by

English Merchants in 17th century to pool capital and share risks assoicated with trading voyages to Asia+Africa.

Joint-stock Companies Other Impacts

1. Took economic burden of colonization somewhat off Crown and spread it to the people

2. Allowed England to surpass exploration and colonization efforts of other Euro powers

3. Investment oppurtunities and merchant class growth grew middle class in 'engand.

Headright System

A land grant program designed to attract settlers.

Tracts of land called 'answer' were offered to settlers who came and worked the land

Typically 50 acres

Promoted by Edwin Sandy in VA, to encourage settlement and bring labor

Headright System Other Impacts

1. Not able to pay passage to New World, you owed 5-7 years of labor to whoever paid for you (indentrued servitude)

2. Indentured servivtude came about with the need for labor, difficulty inslaving Indians

3. After Bacon's Rebellion it turned into a race-based Slave Labor system

House of Burgesses (1619)

First English rep Government in North America

To pass laws and mantiain order.

House of Burgesses Other Impacts

1. Only White male Landowners (a certain amount of land) could vote

2. The creation of the This was an incentive to Englishmen to go to Virginia as they would have the oppurtunity to govern themselves

3. This establishment of local autonomy and sefl-government will spread to other colonies,which is a Contributing Cause to American Revolution

The Great Migraton (1630-1640)

John Winthrop led the Puritans to New World and Settled at Mass. Bay

The Great Migraton (1630-1640) Other Impacts

1. Prompted when King Charles I dissolved parliment (1629) and began increasing persecution against Puritans

2. Because of the loophoe on their Charter (Have company board of directors be in Mass., not England) The Mass. Bay colony devoloped more autonomy than the other colonies and Became the driving force in declaring indepandance from England

Triangular Trade

A system of exchange where

1Europe supplied Africa and Americas with finished goods

2Americas supplied Europe with raw materials, and

3Africa supplied Americas with slaves

Triangular Trade Other Impacts

1. in a purely colonial trade it looked like slaves were bought on African coast with New England rum, then traded in West Indies for Sugar/molasses, which went back to Indies to be made into more rum.

2. This trade was devoloped to offset Colonies negative trade balance with England

3. Slave trade encouraged African Tribal Warfare to aquire slaves needed for Euro and Colonial trade (goods)

4. first slaves bought in America in 1619

Royal African Company (1672)

Created as part of the Navigation Acts, The 'Answer' was given a monopoly on the transportation+sale of slaves in British Colonies from Africa

Royal African Company (1672) Other Impacts

1. Done to cut other European powers out under the economic policy of Mercantilism (or for the purpose/gain of Mercantilism).

Stono Rebellion (September 1739)

A Slave Revolt (September 9, 1739) in the colony of South Carolina

Largest Slave rebellion to date with 25 colonists killed and 35-50 Africans killed

Stono Rebellion (September 1739) Other Impacts

1. Prompted by the proclamations that Spanish Florida would offer freedom to escaped slaves from British Colonies

2. Failed revolt led to greater restrictions on slaves' freedoms

3. Did lead to Temporary halt on the importaton of Slaves

Salutary Neglect (Early to Mid 18th Century)

British Government Policy (Early to Mid 18th Century) regarding it's North American Colonies where trade regulations for the early colonies were not firmly enforced

Imperial supervision of internal colonial affairs was loose As Long As Colonies stayed loyal to British

Salutary Neglect (Early to Mid 18th Century) Other Impacts

1. Policy was designed to help keep colonies loyal for fear of them turning towards the French or Spanish

2. While successful at the time, the ending of Salutary Neglect policies will sitffen resistance to British Rule of Colonies and encourage greater local autonomy (self-government)