Socio-cultural influences

Role model

a person looked to by others as an example to be imitated.

Gender, age, family/friends, race/religion, disabilty

Reasons for lack of participation in sport

Gender

Some sports can be seen as 'more' of a men's or women's sport and this can put people off taking part

Age

Some sports are seen as more suited to younger people (football and boxing), whilst some are seen as sports all ages can take part in (golf, tennis)

Family/friends

People tend to participate in the same sports as their family and friends as they are role models. Those that don't may find opportunities to participate to be limited

Media

A diverse range of technologies that act as a means of communication (e.g print / broadcast / internet / social media)

Sponsorship

The provision of financial or other forms of support to an event, activity or person, in exchange for commercial publicity

The Golden Triangle

The more entertaining a sport is, or the higher the standard of play, the more the sport is shown in the media. The more it's shown in the media, the more sponsors get involved. The more sponsors get involved, the higher the standard of sport is. The cycle can go both ways.

Financial sponsorhsip

The performer / team can spend it on what they like (e.g new coach or new equipment). They can also play their sport full time, which increases their performance as more time for training.

Clothing and equipment sponsorship

The performer / team will have higher quality things, which aids and improves performance

facilities sponsorship

The performer / team have a place to play and practice whenever they want, increasing performance

Television Sponsorship

Makes money from adverts and subscriptions

Radio Sponsorships

Makes money from adverts

The Press sponsorships

Makes money from interesting sport articles and stories

The internet sponsorships

Makes money from subscriptions to sites and adverts

Social Media Sponsorships

Makes money through adverts on social media platforms

Forms of Technology used during sport matches / events

Equipment (boots, shoes, bats, clothing), goaline tech (VAR, Hawkeye, action replay), Safety tech (halo, helmets, pads), billboards and drones/cameras

Socio-Economic group

A group of people distinguished by employment, income and social characteristics such as education and family status.

Grassroots

people or society at a local level rather than at the centre of major political activity

Commercialisation

The management or exploitation of a person, organisation or activity in a way designed to make a profit

Attitudes

The person may not have a positive attitude towards sport, the may not like it. Club organisers may not like the sport and so many not run it. Family members may not like sport and so may not play it.

Accessibility (facilities/clubs/activities)

Age - school children are often given free access to clubs and facilities through their school

Disabilities - Not all sports centres have equipment that is accessible for people with disabilities, making it difficult to participate

Media Coverage

Gender - less coverage for women's sports means fewer role models are created and fewer females participate at grassroots level

Sexism and stereotyping

Gender - Stereotyping still exists whereby some people think that women should take part in sports such as dance and men should take part in sports such as rugby

Culture / religion

Race / religion / culture - devoting time to religion and culture can mean less time to participate in sport. Religious observations such as Ramadan can also make it difficult to take part

Family commitments

Age - as people get older they tend to have more family commitments and less time for sport

Available leisure time

Age - As people get older they tend to work longer hours and have less time for sport.

Familiarity

Disability / gender / race - It can be difficult for people to put themselves out of their comfort zone and take part in sport that is not well represented by their social group

Education

Age - those in education often have lots of access to sporting facilities. The type of education may make a difference (e.g private schools better equipment)

disposbale income

Family - being a part of a family with low income may determine what type of sports is available to that individual. For example, gym memberships can be expensive and so can some equipment

Adaptability / inclusiveness

Sport can sometimes be criticised for not being inclusive (e.g not having enough clubs or facilities for disabled people)

Advantages of commercialisation for the performers

•Gives performer a high income

•Sponsorship increased performance as the additional income gives them more time to train

•Free equipment/clothing

Disadvantages of commercialisation for the performers

-Performers need to be aware they may have to perform to increase their marketability

-The celebrity status often gained prevents athletics leading a normal life

-Free equipment clothing may put them under more pressure to win

-Sponsor may make performers to commit to certain events

-The performer may go the extremes and cheat/take drugs to keep sponsorship

Advantages of commercialisation for the sport

•Increases the income of sports - don't have to rely on income from spectators

•Money had helped develop competitions, eg, Olympics

•Development for new competition with media coverage e.g. 20/20 cricket

•Media concentrates on 'the best' such as football, making it bigger

Disadvantages of commercialisation for the sport

-Due to the media coverage 'big' sports will get more funding that 'small' sportsBT and sky sport give premiership clubs £10m for a live game, however Sainsbury's only give that a year to UK Athletics

-Sponsors have more say on what is shown, when its shown and who is shown

-Timing of events are demined by sponsors

-Kit is changed to suit sponsors

Advantages of commercialisation for the officials

•Officials income has increased over the past couple of years

•A top football/rugby referee can earn £50,000-£100,000 a year

•They have to opportunity to travel

•They become as famous as the teams/players they are refereeing.

Disadvantages of commercialisation for the officials

-Placed in the media about decisions they have made

-A bad decision could led to them being dropped from the elite panel

-They have to be prepared to take the rough with the smooth - not performing well, being biased cheating

Advantages of commercialisation for the spectators

•More money to buy better players and play matches at a higher standard

•Facilities improved for spectating the match

•Can be involved through huge tv screens for replays, statistics and other information - helps to improve their knowledge

•Can associate themselves with the more merchandise they can buy

•Seasons are longer - more to watch

•You can see more games/sports from home

Disadvantages of commercialisation for the spectators

- isolation from the live match

-May not be able to access some sky channels that are expensive to buy, limiting viewing opportunities

Advantages of commercialisation for the sponsors

•Provides sponsors with publicity they require for their product

•Advertising attracts a lot of people and a lot of people want to be associated with success

•The success of the product is likely to increase with the success of the sport

Disadvantages of commercialisation for the sponsors

Anything that happens negatively with the sport can reflect negatively to the sponsor too - decreased product sells, eg, crowd trouble, poor results, cheating or drug taking

Positive impacts of technology on the performers

▪Improve performance

▪Ask officials to review decisions

Negative impacts of technology on the performers

▪Equipment is expensive - not always available

▪Disrupts play

Positive impacts of technology on the sport

▪Makes competition fairer

▪Correct decisions will be made

Negative impacts of technology on the sport

▪Disrupts play and slows everything down

Positive impacts of technology on the officials

▪Have additional help and can communicate with others via mic.

▪Confirms good decisions

Negative impacts of technology on the officials

▪Undermines decisions made

▪Some are too reliant on technology

Positive impacts of technology on the spectators

▪Provides them with confidence that decisions are fair

▪Adds to tension and excitement

Negative impacts of technology on the spectators

▪Poor behaviour if decision is not reviewed

▪Decision making can be boring

Positive impacts of technology on the sponsors

▪Helps sport promote good image which reflects well on sponsors

Negative impacts of technology on the sponsors

▪Not available at all levels

Etiquette

The unwritten rules concerning player behaviour, it isn't enforced, but is observed (e.g kicking the ball out of play when an opponent is injured)

Gamesmanship

Attempting to gain an advantage by stretching the rules to their limits (grunting in tennis)

Sportsmanship

Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport (clapping for an opposition batsman when they make 50 runs)

Contract to compete

an unwritten agreement between opponents to follow and abide by the written and unwritten rules of the sport (e.g competing all the way to the final whistle despite being 5-0)

PEDs

performance enhancing drugs

Ergogenic Aids

•A technique or substance used for the purpose of enhancing performance - some legal and some illegal (PEDS)

Stimulants

Adrenaline is a natural example.

Increases alertness / reduces reaction time / reduces tiredness.

increases aggressiveness, can lead to heart problems and can be addictive

Sprinter, boxing, fencing

Narcotic analgesics

Can reduce pain and can prevent fatigue

Highly addictive and once the drug has worn off they'll feel worse and may have caused more damage

Rugby, boxing, contact sports

Anabolic agents

Increase the rate of muscle growth and recovery time - Increase aggressiveness but damage liver, kidney and heart. Women develop deep voice, body hair and smaller breasts.

Weight lifters, rugby, Javelin thrower

Peptide hormones

Naturally occurring substance that improves muscle growth and red cell production.

Thickens the bloody which makes the heart work harder and increases the chance of stroke or heart attack

Long distance runners and cyclists

Diuretic drugs

Serves as a masking agent, Helps remove fluid and Helps with weight loss

Also leads to dehydration

Horse racing and boxing

Blood doping

Increase the amount of red blood cells to increase O2 carrying potential.

Increases blood viscosity - stroke/heart attack

Long distance runners and cyclists

Beta Blockers

Reduces the affect of Adrenaline in the body. Reduces HR, Muscle tension and blood pressure.

Improves fine motor control and precision as it reduces nerves. Can cause nausea, poor circulation, tiredness and heart problems

Darts, golf, shooting

Stimulants, Peptide hormones, Beta blockers, Diuretic, Anabolic agents, Narcotic Analgesics and blood doping

Some People Believe Drugs Are Not Bad

Advantages of taking PED's for the performer

increased chances of success, fame, wealth and a level playing field

Disadvantages of taking PED's for the performer

cheating/immoral , associated health risks, fines, bans, reputational damage

Disadvantages of taking PED's for the sport

The reputation and credibility of the sport will be damaged

Positive influences of spectators on sport

They create an atmosphere, provide a home-field advantage and are a source of revenue

Negative influences of spectators on sport

They can put too much pressure on the performers, can scare off younger performers, hooliganism and safety concerns can cost lots of money

Hooliganism

Disorderly, aggressive and often violent behaviour by spectators at sporting events.

Reasons for hooliganism

Rivalries, media hype, alcohol or drugs, gang culture, frustration, or masculinity

strategies to combat hooliganism

- early kick offs

- all seater stadiums

- segregation of fans

- improved security

- alcohol restrictions

- educating spectators

- banning orders