Materials Engineering: Material Properties, Pt. 4

Flashcards covering mechanical stresses, loading classifications, test methods, and key material testing terminology from Materials Engineering lecture notes.

Tensile Stress

A type of mechanical stress caused by forces acting away from each other along a material's longitudinal axis to stretch or pull it apart.

Compressive Stress

A type of mechanical stress caused by applied forces that act toward each other, squeezing or pushing a material together.

Shear Stress

A type of mechanical stress caused by forces acting parallel or tangential to a material's surface, causing adjacent internal planes to slide past one another.

Torsion Stress

A type of mechanical stress induced in a body when it is subjected to an applied torque or twisting moment.

Bending Stress

A type of mechanical stress induced in a material when subjected to transverse forces that cause curvature or deflection.

Buckling Stress

A type of mechanical stress that occurs in slender structural elements under axial compressive loads, leading to sudden lateral deflection.

Types of Mechanical Stresses Diagram

A visual representation showing the basic deformation modes under mechanical loading: tension, compression, shear, torsion, bending, and buckling.

Static Stress

A stationary mechanical load applied to a material that remains constant and unchanging over time.

Dynamic Stress

A mechanical loading condition involving cyclic or repeated loads with alternating stress states.

Destructive Testing

Test methods used to determine material or component constants by causing permanent damage to the sample, making it unusable for future service.

Non-destructive Testing

Test methods used to assess component integrity and fitness for use without causing damage, allowing in-operation testing and part reuse.

Technological Test Methods

Standardized manufacturing tests—such as welding, flanging, and cupping tests—used to evaluate material processability and performance.

Cupping Test Diagram

A technological sheet metal test schematic showing tool parameters including blank diameter $d_b$, die diameter $d_i$, outer diameter $d_a$, and sheet thickness $s$.

Creep Test

A test method used to measure time-dependent plastic deformation of a material subjected to continuous load over long periods.

Hardness Test Methods

Testing procedures—specifically Brinell, Rockwell, and Vickers—used to quantify a material's resistance to localized surface indentation.

Impact Energy Test

A dynamic material test, such as the Charpy or notched bar impact test, used to measure material toughness under sudden high-rate loading.

Fatigue Test Methods

Dynamic testing methods, including Push-Pull and Rotating-Bending tests, used to evaluate fatigue behavior and fatigue strength under cyclic loads.

Material Test

The determination of material and component properties by means of suitable testing procedures.

Material Characteristic

A measurable and quantitatively representable material property defined according to established engineering standards.

Material Parameter

Numerical values used to specify material properties for design calculations (such as yield strength or Young's modulus) and comparison.