Bonding in carbon and homologous series

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28 Terms

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Explain the occurrence of carbon compounds in terms of bonding

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Tetravalency

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Catenation

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Hybridization

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Resonance

Resonance is the delocalization of electrons across multiple atoms in a molecule/ion

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Differentiate amongst the types of Hybridization

1. sp³ Hybridisation (tetrahedral):

Definition: Mixing of 1 s orbital and 3 p orbitals to form 4 equivalent sp³ orbitals.
Bond Angle: ~109.5°
Example: Methane (CH₄)

2. sp² Hybridisation (trigonal planar):

Definition: Mixing of 1 s orbital and 2 p orbitals to form 3 equivalent sp² orbitals.
Bond Angle: ~120°
Example: Ethene (C₂H₄)

3. sp Hybridisation (linear):

Definition: Mixing of 1 s orbital and 1 p orbital to form 2 equivalent sp orbitals.
Bond Angle: ~180°
Example: Ethyne (C₂H₂)

<p>1. sp³ Hybridisation (tetrahedral):</p><ul><li><p>Definition: Mixing of 1 s orbital and 3 p orbitals to form 4 equivalent sp³ orbitals.</p></li><li><p>Bond Angle: ~109.5°</p></li><li><p>Example: Methane (CH₄)</p></li></ul><p></p><p>2. sp² Hybridisation (trigonal planar):</p><ul><li><p>Definition: Mixing of 1 s orbital and 2 p orbitals to form 3 equivalent sp² orbitals.</p></li><li><p>Bond Angle: ~120°</p></li><li><p>Example: Ethene (C₂H₄)</p></li></ul><p></p><p>3. sp Hybridisation (linear):</p><ul><li><p>Definition: Mixing of 1 s orbital and 1 p orbital to form 2 equivalent sp orbitals.</p></li><li><p>Bond Angle: ~180°</p></li><li><p>Example: Ethyne (C₂H₂)</p><p></p></li></ul>

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Resonance hybrid

A resonance hybrid is the actual structure that results from the combination of all resonance structures of a molecule or ion, showing delocalised electrons.

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Explain the meaning of homologous series

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Define functional group

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Describe the chemical and physical characteristics of homologous series.

Chemical properties:

Same Functional Group, Same Reactions:
- All members undergo similar chemical reactions because they have the same functional group.
- For example, all alkenes undergo addition reactions due to the C=C double bond.
Reaction Type is Determined by Functional Group:
- Alkanes: Mostly unreactive; undergo combustion and substitution.
- Alkenes: Undergo electrophilic addition (e.g. with bromine water).
- Alcohols: Undergo oxidation, esterification, and can act as weak acids.
- Carboxylic acids: React with metals, carbonates, and bases to form salts.
- Halogenoalkanes: Undergo nucleophilic substitution.