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Who argues that crime is inevitable
Durkheim
Why does Durkheim view crime as inevitable
Not everyone is effectively socialised into norms and values
Postmodern society there are many diverse views, people view acts as deviant
What is anomie
Sense of normlessness
What two positive functions does Durkheim argue that crime fulfils
Boundary maintenance
Adaptation and change
What is boundary maintenance
Crime producing a reaction in society, punishment from this crime can reinforce shared norms and values
What is adaptation and change
All change starts from an act of deviance
Challenging different norms and values
Could in the long run give rise to new norms
Who argues prostitution is a safety valve
Davis
Acts as a safety valve to release of men’s sexual frustration without threatening the monogamous nuclear family
Who argues that deviance acts as a warning to institutions not functioning properly
Cohen
E.g. high rate of truancy shows that there is problems with education system
Criticisms of functionalist perspectives
No way of knowing what is the right amount of deviance
People do not commit crime with the intention of strengthening solidarity
Crime may not always lead to social solidarity, could cause fear
Who argues strain theory
Merton
What is strain theory argument
Immersion in the ‘American dream’ tells Americans that their society is meritocratic
However many disadvantaged group are denied the opportunity to achieve legitimately so turn to illegitimate means of acquiring material goods
Strain between cultural goal of money and the means to achieve it
What does Merton describe this strain as
The strain to anomie
What are Mertons 5 deviant adaptations to strain
Conformity - Accept cultural goals and strive to achieve
Innovation - accepts goals of money success using new illegitimate means
Ritualism - follow rules for their own sake, mc dead end office jobs
Retreatism - reject goals and legitimate means, become dropouts
Rebellion - rejects existing norms and replaces them with societal norms
Evaluation of Mertons strain theory
Sees crime as mainly WC
Marxists argue it ignores ruling class laws to criminalise the poor
Assumes value consensus of goals
Only accounts for utilitarian crime
Who argues status frustration
Cohen
What does cohen mean by status frustration
Offering boys higher status hierarchy if they have failed legitimate opportunity structure
Helps to explain non-economic factors such as truancy in school
Who argued that there was 3 subcultures
Cloward and Ohlin
What are the 3 subcultures and why are they formed
formed due to response in diffferent ways to the lack of legitimate opportunities
Criminal subculture
Conflict subculture
Retreatist subculture
What is a criminal subculture
Organised crime for a career in utilitarian crime
Provide youths with opportunity for organised utilitarian crime
What is conflict subcultures
Gangs and violence
Allows young men to release violence and frustration
What is a Retreatist subculture
‘Double failures’
Fail in both legitimate and illegitimate opportunities
Turn to drugs and alcohol
Eval for Cloward and Ohlin
Not everyone starts of sharing the same mainstream goals
Miller - WC have their own subcultural goals
Matza - most are not committed to their subculture, they drift in and out of delinquency