Theories of Personality (*) — quiz: skinner, dollard & miller, bandura & Mischel

The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that

all partial reinforcement schedules produce greater resistence to extinction than does a continuous schedule of reinforcement

Skinner defined reinforcement as any consequence which

increases response probability

The schedule of reinforcement that appears to influence and maintain gambling behavior is:

variable ratio

Which of the following statements represents Skinner's view regarding the ideal way,

although not always possible, to modify human and animal behavior for the good of the

individual and society:

reinforce desirable behavior and ignore, as much as possible, undesirable behavior

Skinner referred to the part of operant conditioning in which an operant response is

followed by a reinforcer, thereby increasing the rate with which the response occurs as:

acquisition

The gradual development of a response that an organism does not normally make through differential reinforcement and successive approximations is referred to as:

shaping

The process of linking measurable environmental events to behavior and consequences is known in behavioral therapy as:

functional analysis

Which of the following is a schedule of reinforcement that rewards a desired response each and every time it occurs?

continuous schedule

Which of the following is not one of the four critical learning situations described by Dollard and Miller?

early peer interactions

Miller and Dollard defined reinforcement as any consequence which:

reduces drive stimuli

Which of the following was not studied by Dollard and Miller as a particular type of conflict situation?

displacement-avoidance

Miller and Dollard speculated that interference with goal-directed behavior leads to an

increase in aggression. This notion was referred to as the:

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Neal Miller also gained world recognition for his pioneering research in the area of:

biofeedback

The association between a stimulus and a response is referred to by Dollard & Miller

as a:

habit

A situation in which two or more incompatible response tendencies exist simultaneously was referred to by Dollard & Miller as a:

conflict

Any strong stimulus that impels an organism to action and whose elimination or reduction is reinforcing was referred to by Miller and Dollard as a:

drive

Reinforcement in both Hull's theory of learning and the Dollard and Miller personality system occurred when which of the following occurred?

drive reduction

Mischel focused primarily on which of the following research areas:

delay of gratification

According to social learning theory, anxiety usually occurs in direct response to:

low levels of perceived self-efficacy in the face of challenge

Which technique was found by Bandura and other social learning theorists to be superior in treating phobias?

live modeling with participation

Michel's explanation for the weak value of the personality coefficient was that:

behavior is not particularly consistent across situations

According to social learning theory, reinforcement is:

important, but not absolutely essential for learning to occur

According to Mischel, the persistent belief that human behavior is more consistent than is indicated by experimental evidence was referred to as the:

consistency paradox

Postponement of a small, immediate reinforcer in order to obtain a larger, more distant reward is known in the learning literature as:

delay of gratification

Mischel's quantification (usually stated as a correlation of about .30) of the amount of consistency found in human behavior has often been referred to as the:

personality coefficient

The contention of Bandura that person and situation variables constantly interact with one another to influence each other was referred to as

reciprocal determinism