hhd u4aos2 health and SDGs

what are Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

a universal cal to action developed in 2012 by the UN to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure all people enjoy peace and prosperity

- they are designed as a set of goals and targets that are intergrated, interdependent and indivisible

- they require governments, orginasations and the private sector to work together at an international, national, regional and local level

what are the objectives of the SDGs?

- end extreme poverty and hunger

address diseases and promtoe health and wellbeing

- empower women and girls

- tackle climate change

- fight inequalities within and among countries

- build peaceful, jus and inclusive societies

- protect human rights

what are the 6 SGD's?

SDG1: No poverty

SDG2: Zero Hunger

SDG3: Good health and wellbeing

SDG4: Quality education

SDG5: Gender equality

SDG6: Clean water and sanitation

SDG12: Responsible production and consumption

what is SDG 3?

good health and wellbeing

- to ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all

what is target SDG 3.1?

reduce global maternal mortality

what is target SDG 3.2?

end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 and reduce neonatal morality

what is target SDG 3.3?

end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, waterborne diseases and other communicable diseases

what is target SDG 3.4?

reduce premature mortality from non comminicable diseases and promote mental health and wellbeing

what is target SDG 3.5?

strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including alcohol and drugs

what is target SDG 3.6?

halve global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents

what is target SDG 3.7?

ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health care services and the implementation of reproductive health in national strategies and programmes

what is target SDG 3.8?

achieve universal health coverage

what is target SDG 3.9?

reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination

what is target SDG 3.10

strengthen the implementation of the WHO framework convention on tobacco control

what is target SDG 3.11?

support the research and development of vaccines and medication for non communicable and communicable diseases and provide access to affordble medicines and vaccines

what is target SDG 3.12?

increase investments in healthcare services and qualified healthcare staff

what is target SDG 3.13?

strengthen the capacity of all countries for early warning, risk reduction and management of health and wellbeing risks

what are the causes of maternal mortality?

- severe bleeding, usually after birth (haemorrhage)

- infections usually after birth (sepsis)

- complications during pregnancy

- unsafe abortions

- high blood pressure during pregnancy

- Malnutrition in women and children

what is antenatal care?

care provided to women during pregnancy and just after birth

what is haemorrhage?

the loss of blood from a damaged blood vessel

what is pre-eclampsia?

a condition developed during pregnancy causing high blood pressure and typically affecting the kidney, liver and the brain

what is sepsis?

a life threatening condition that arises when the bodys response to an infection injuries its onw tissue and organs

what are the actions for preventing maternal mortality?

1. all women have access to sexual and reproductive healthcare

2. achieving universal healthcare coverage

3. reducing adolescent pregnancy

what is neonatal period?

the first 28 days of birth

- the first 48 hours after birth are the most crucial for the baby's sruvival

- many neonatal deaths are due to premature birth, birth asphyxia, birth trauma and infections

what is birth asphyxia?

a condition in which a baby's brain and other organs do not get enough oxygen

what are the 6 ways to prevent child deaths?

sexual and reproductive health care

encourage breastfeeding

provide access to nutritious food

clean water and sanitation

immunisations

access to universal health care

what is AIDS?

a chronic condition caused by the human immunodefiency virus (HIV) which weakens and damages the body's immune system

- the body loses its ability to fight infections and the infected person eventually develops AIDS

- increases the risk of cancer and infectious diseases (tuberculosis)

what is HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)?

a virus transmitted via the exchange of infected bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk

- usually spread through sexual intercourse without protection or by sharing needles and syringes

- can also be passed from an infected mother to a child during pregnancy or through breastfeeding

what is the treatment for HIV?

there is currently no cure for HIV and no vaccine to prevent the disease

- antiretroviral drugs (ART) can help delay and in some cases, prevent the progression from HIV to AIDS

- does not eliminate the virus from the body and needs to be taken continuously

why is ending the AIDS epidemic a key feature of SDG 3?

1. globally, millions of people have died and continue to die from aid-related illnesses

2. of those living with HIV, many are not aware of their HIV status

3. many adults, pregnant women and children who are living with HIV do not have access to ART

what are the actions needed to end the AIDs epidemic?

1. invest in healthcare services so everyone can access diagnosis and art treatment as needed

2. increase knowledge and understanding of HIV and AIDS, how it can be prevented ad how to stop it from spreading from one perosn to anothr

3. promote gender equality

what is the importance of the 1st action needed to end the AIDs epidemic?

accesible diagnosis helps poeple identify hIV earlier for it to be treated with ART -> prevents progression to AIDS

what is the importance of the 2nd action needed to end the AIDs epidemic?

1. people can avoid high risk behaviours (unprotected sex, needle sharing)

2. people are more likely to get tested

3. encourages safe practices

what is the importance of the 3rd action needed to end the AIDs epidemic?

women have more say in relation to the importance of using condoms and are less likely to be victims of rape or multiple partners

- it also means women are able to obtain healthcare services and gain access to diagnosis and treatment

what is malaria?

a lifethreatening disease caused by parasites when a person is bitten by an infected female mosquito

- malaria destroys the bodys red blood cells and causes fever, headache, diarrhoea and vomitting

what are the actions part of vector control?

1. use insecticide-treated mosquito nets to protect people when they sleep

2. spray the inside walls of homes with insecticide to kill and repel mosquitoes

3. use antimalarial medicines to prevent malaria if bitten by mosquitoes

how is malaria cured?

can be cured with quick daignosis and treated with ACT

why is ending the malaria epidemic a key feature?

1. at the moment, the wolrd is unlikely to achieve the target of ending the malaria epidemic

2. the total number of malaria cases worldwide continue to increase

3. malaria is still endemic in 84 countries

what are the actions needed to end the malaria epidemic?

1. fund healthcare services and health professionals

2. more access to the indoor spraying of homes

3. access to safe and clean water

what is the importance of the 1st action needed to end the malaria epidemic?

1. people can access diagnosis

2. people can access preventative malaria medication

what is the importance of the 2nd action needed to end the malaria epidemic?

spraying the indoor rooms where people live can kill mosquitoes and prevent them from entering homes

what is the importance of the 3rd action needed to end the malaria epidemic?

ensuring that there is safe water and sanitation available removes breeding groups for mosquitoes that carry malaria

what is tuberculosis?

a highly contagious disease that affects the lungs. caused by bcteria that can spread person to person via the air through coughing or sneezing

why is ending the tuberculosis epidemic a key feature?

1. the world is not on track to ending the TB epidemic

2. TB is still one of the top 10 causes of death and causes more deaths than HIV

3. drug resistant tb continues to be a public health threat

how is tuberculosis cured?

TB can be cured with a course of 4 microbials over 6 months of even 4 months for some

what are the actions needed to reduce tuberculosis?

1. provide universal health coverage

2. increase funding for health and wellbeing services and trained health workers

3. fund the development of new and better ways to diagnose TB and develop resistant drugs and vaccines

4. access to safe and clean water

what are neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)?

a broad group of 20 diseases and conditions that mainly occur in tropical and subtropical areas

why are diseases 'neglected'?

these diseases receive very little funding from the government and other organisations for research, prevention and control

- NTD thrive in the poortest, most marginalised communities where people

1. lack access to clean water and sanitation

2. have limited access to health services

3. live in close contact with domestic animals and live stock

why are women and children at risk of NTD?

1. women are responsible for collecitng water which exposes them to contaimed water and infectious disease vectors

2. children without access to safe water for drinking and bathing can contract water borne diseases

3. children do not have fully developed immune systems which makes them susceptible to diseases

why is ending the NTD epidemic a key feature?

1. these diseases have a significant impact on HWB and HHD, causing severe pain and permanent disability

2. NTDs cost developing communtiies billions of dollars each year in health costs, loss of productivity and reduced socioeconomic and educational attainment

what are the actions needed to end the NTD epidemic?

1. development of new forms of insecticides

2. access to safe and clean water

3. vector control to remove carriers of these diseases

what is the importance of the 1st action needed to end the NTD epidemic?

many pathogens of NTDs are developing resistance to current insecticides, reducing their effectiveness in controlling them

- new forms of insecticides can prevent carriers of these diseases from entering homes and local communities

what is the importance of the 2nd action needed to end the NTD epidemic?

clean water and sanitation will limit the breeding of pathogens (i.e. from stagnant water)

what is the importance of the 3rd action needed to end the NTD epidemic?

Removing the carriers of the disease means people will be protected from developing these diseases in the first instance.

what is hepatitis?

Inflammation of the liver caused by a viral infection

what is hepatitis A and E?

food and waterborne infections

- more likely to occur in communities with contaminated water and poor sanitation

what is hepatitis B and C?

blood borne infections

- transmitted through unsafe injections and medical procedures and less commonly from sexual contact

- can be shared from mother to baby

- most common cause of liver disease

what is hepatitis D?

blood borne

transmitted through contact with infected blood and only occurs in people who already have hepatitis B

why is combatting hepatitis a key feature?

Despite improvements, globally, many people die from hepatitis every day.

All forms of hepatitis are responsible for more than one million deaths per year

Globally, people live with hepatitis infection, and it is a growing cause of death among people with HIV.

what are the action areas needed to combat hepatitis?

universal health coverage

large-scale vaccination programs for A, B, and E

safe practices in healthcare settings for blood and surgical safety

what are the 4 non-communicable diseases part of SDG 3?

1. cardiovascular disease

2. cancer

3. respiratory disease

4. diabetes (including kidney disease from diabetes)

why is reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases a key feature?

1. non-communicable diseases account for a very high global burden of diease ans the world is unlikely to achieve the target for reducing mortality

2. life style changes have contributed to the increased incidence of non-communicable diseases (i.e. decreasing levels of physical activity)

3. the global marketing of tobacco, alcohol and processed foods has contributed to the increase in non-communicable diseases

what are the actions needed to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases?

1. isencreasing funding for universal health coverage

2. place taxes on alcohol and tobacco products

3. encourage schools and workplaces to find ways to encourage people to undertake regular physical exerci

why is the 1st action needed to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases?

1. treatment, management and curative action is available when these diseases are diagnosed and identified early

2. medication can reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke

why is the 2nd action needed to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases?

implementing taxes increases the prices of these products, decreasing consumption

why is the 3rd action needed to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases?

the lack of physical activity is a risk factor for non-communicable diseases so it is important to support people to increase their physical activty levels

why is promoting mental health and wellbeing a key feature of SDG 3?

1. the burden of disease for depression and other mental conditions is on the rise globally

2. poor mental health and wellbeing is the leadig cause of suicide

3. mental health disorders contribute to poverty and homelessness

what are the actions needed to promote mental health and wellbeing?

1. put in place a range of strategies that promote good mental healtj and wellbeing

2. increase funding for universal healthcare

why is the 1st action needed to promote mental health and wellbeing?

conoditions such as depression can be prevented through positive thinking programs in school cirriculums and by providing programs for parents of children with behavioiral problems

why is the 2nd action needed to promote mental health and wellbeing?

Depression can be treated with antidepressants, however, fewer than half of those affected worldwide have access to these treatments

why is reducing global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents a key feature?

1. more than 1 million people die each yea rfrom road traffic accidents

2. many people suffer from non-fatal injuries, resulting in long-term disabilities

3. road traffic injuries are the 9th leading cause of death

what are the actions needed to reduce death and injuries from road traffic accidents?

1. increase funding for driver education programs

2. implement a range of healthy public policy and ensure that laws are enforced

3. ensure that cars are in safe and good working conditions

why is the 1st action needed to reduce death and injuries from road traffic accidents?

a large proportion of road traffic accidents are due to driver behaviours and risk taking on the road

- Education must be provided so young people, in particular, are aware of the importance of driving responsibly and to change behaviour

why is the 2nd action needed to reduce death and injuries from road traffic accidents?

policies such as seatbelt use and phone regulations can protect drivers from distractions and injuries, reducing road traffic accidents

why is the 3rd action needed to reduce death and injuries from road traffic accidents?

vehicles must be equiped with well-functioning parts (i.e. headlights, indicaors) to minimise the risk of poorly maintained cars causing road traffic accidents

why is reducing air pollution a key component of SDG 3?

1. more than half of those living in cities are exposed to external air pollution above the safety standard set by who

2. both indoor and external air pollution have resulted in around 7 million deaths

why is reducing indoor air pollution a key component of SDG 3?

many people in low and middle income countries cook and heat their homes using solid fuels

- these fuels produce small soot particles that penetrate deep into the lungs

- stroke, COPD, lung cancer

why is reducing external air pollution a key component of SDG 3?

external air pollution is caused by energy production and traffic fumes, causing the release of deadly pollutants such as black carbon and greenhouse gases

- reducing air pollutants relies on the use of clean technologies and fuels for cooking, heating, lighting and transport

why is reducing external water pollution a key component of SDG 3?

unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene is responsible for many deaths from diarrhoeal diseases and malnutrition

what are the actions needed to reduce deaths and illness from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination?

1. reduce vehicle emissions and invest in public transport systems

2. monitor air pollution levels

why is the 1st action needed to reduce deaths and illness from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination?

public transport systems that can effectively and efficiently move large numbers of people around will reduce the number of cars on the road and vehicle emissions

why is the 2nd action needed to reduce deaths and illness from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination?

people cna be informed when air pollution levels get high and stay indoors or take other preventative action to reduce the breathing in of contaminated air

what is SDG 1?

no poverty

- seeks to remove poverty in all its forms and inequalities within and among nations

- all people, everywhere, should enjoy a basic decent standard of living

what are the features of SDG 1?

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1. end extreme poverty

2. ensure equal rights and make sure everyone has equal access to essential resources, services, ownership and control over land

3. reduce the proportion of men, women and children living in poverty

4. put in place social protection systems

5. build the resilience of those living in vulnerable situations and reduce the exposure to environmental disasters that result in poverty

link the key features of SDG 1 to the achievement of SDG 3

1. end extreme poverty -> women will be able to afford prenatal care and give birth in medical clinics -> reduces maternal mortality

2. reduce the proportion of men, women and children living in poerty -> families can access healthcare services and get their children vaccinated against infectious diseases -> reduces U5MR

link the key features of SDG 3 to the achievement of SDG 1

1. achieve universal healthcare -> families can access basic healthcare services such as medication through schemes or pubnlic health system -> ensures equal access to

2. reducing premature mortality from NCDS-> ppl can get jobs and partake in meaningful employment to earn an income -> end extreme poverty

3. ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services -> women who do not have the financial means to care for children can access contraception and abortions removing finaicial burden -> reduces proportion of men, women and children living in poverty

what is SDG 2?

zero hunger

- aims to end all forms of hunger and malnutrition

- involves making sure all people - especially children and the more ulnerable - have access to nutritious food all year round by promoting sustainable agriculture

what are the features of SDG 2?

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- end hunger and ensure access for all people to safe, nutrtious and sufficient food

- end all forms of malnutrition, including over and under malnutrition, particular in children under 5

- improve agricultural practices

- increase investments in agriculture, infrastrure, research and technology

- address trade restrictions that disadvantage farmers

what is sustainable agriculture?

the capacity for agricultural practices overtime to provide sufficient food in ways that are economically efficient and profitable, socially responsible and environmentally sound

what are examples of sustainable agricultural practices?

- robot fertilisers

- maximising current forests and reducing deforestation

- solar powered cold storage buildings to reduce food waste

why is iron needed?

helps carry oxygen in the blood, prevents anaemia and supports energy levels

why is vitamin A needed?

supports vision, skin health and immune function

what are the effects of vitamin D deficiency?

helps the body absorb calciu, supports bone health and strengthens immune system

what is the relationship between the key features of SDG 2 and the achievement of SDG 3?

end hunger and ensure access to safe, nutritous and sufficient food -> women are less likely to develop micronutrient deficiencies -> reduces MM

end all forms of malnutrition -> children will be able to consume nutritious foods to improve their immune system -> reduces U5MR

what is the relationship between the key features of SDG 2 and the achievement of SDG 3?

end hunger and ensure all people have access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food -> women who are pregnant are less likely to have micronutrient deficiences -> reduces maternal mortallity

end all forms of malnutriton -> children cna consume their required amounts of nutritious foods to improve immune system -> reduces U5MR

improve agricultural practices such as robotic fertilsiers -> fertilisers and pesticides are only distributed to areas in farmland that require it so chemicals dont contaminate food -> reduces deaths from hazardous chemicals

what is the relationship between the key features of SDG 3 and the achievement of SDG 2?

reducing premature mortality from NCDs → people can gain jobs and participate in meaningful employment to earn an income to purchase food → ends hunger and ensures access for all people to safe, nutritious and sufficient food

increase investments in healthcare services and healthcare professionals → more people are able to take their children for check ups to identify if deficiencies are present and put them on diet plans or provide supplements → ends all forms of malnutrition

what is SDG 4?

quality education

- addresses the need for girls and boys to have access to high quality education ar all levels

- primary to tertiary education to develop the vocational skills needed for employment

what are the features of SDG 4?

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- ensure all children complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education

- ensure all children have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre primary education

- ensure all adults have access to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education

- eliminate all disparities in education and vocational training, including people with disabilities, indigenous people and vulnerable children

- increase the number of youth and adults who have the relevant skills for employment

- increase the number of qualified teachers

what is the relationship between SDG 4 and SDG 3?

eliminating disparities in education -> women, specifically young girls whose bodies are unlikely to cope with the demands of pregnancy, will be more knowledgable about the importance of safe sex and contraception -> reducing maternal mortality

increasing the number of youth and adults with the relevant skills for employment -> more people can participate in meaningful employment and gain an income to pay for cancer screenings or treatments such as insulin pumps -> reduces premature mortality from NCDs

ensuring all children have access to free, equitable, and high quality education -> children can learn from an early age about the health risks associated with alcohol and tobacco smoke through lessons integrated into the cirriculum -> strengthens the prevention of substance abuse

what is the relationship between SDG3 and SDG4?

reducing premature mortality from NCD's -> more people can participate in meaningful emplyoment to earn a taxable income that increases government funds to support public education system -> ensures all children have access to free, equitable and high quality education

achieving universla health coverage -> people can stay healthy by accessing essential medications or health professionals such as gp to regulatly attend classes -> increases the number of youth and adults who have the releant skills for employment