Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances Review

A set of vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes covering fluid and electrolyte imbalances, risk factors, clinical manifestations, acid-base balance, and nursing interventions.

Hyperkalemia Risk Factors

End stage renal disease, potassium soaring diuretics, adrenal insufficiency (breaks down red blood cells), and rapid blood transfusion.

Causes of Respiratory Acidosis

Asthma, PNA (pneumonia), and airway obstruction.

Labs for Fluid Volume Status

NA, BUN, and Hematocrit; daily urine status is also monitored without a specific lab.

Hypernatremia Clinical Manifestations

Altered mental status, seizures and coma (late sign), dry mucous membranes, and irritability, with baseline assessment being super important.

Respiratory Alkalosis Lab Profile

pH = 7.48 to 7.49, PaCO2 = 30 to 32, HCO3 = 26 (uncompensated).

Respiratory Alkalosis Manifestations and Causes

Caused by hypoxemia, acute pain, and anxiety; manifests as hyperventilation, dizziness, numbness, and tingling.

Differentiating Panic Attack vs. Hypoxemia

Differentiated using cyanosis, speaking slowly, position, and Pulse Ox.

Hypercalcemia Risk Factors

Hyperparathyroidism, heart failure, prolonged immobility, multiple myeloma (cancer in bone and blood), thiazide diuretics, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and TB.

Hypokalemia Risk Factors

Vomiting, poor diet, glucocorticoid steroids (can also lower Na+), loop diuretics, NG tube/wound drainage, and polyuria.

Hypernatremia Risk Factors

Dehydration, diuresis, sweating, water deprivation, and N/V.

Hyperkalemia Clinical Manifestations

Abdominal pain, vomit, irregular heart rate, hypotension, and dysrhythmias that could turn into V Fib (no pattern).

Hypercalcemia Nursing Interventions

Identify cause, weight bearing (gait belt support and monitor), careful positioning due to brittle bones and fracture risk, encourage fluid intake, and track I's and O's.

Hypervolemia Interventions

Diuretics, restrict fluids, daily weights, and track I's and O's.

Hyponatremia Risk Factors

Diuretics, renal failure, liver disease, heart failure, and SIADH (no control over concentration).

Hypovolemia Causes

Poor intake, prolonged fever, and excessive perspiration.

IV Potassium (K+) Nursing Considerations

Slow caution; IV infusion diluted over at least an hour; primary NS at least 30 mL/hR; always piggy back; monitor tele for normal sinus rhythm; assess IV site and slow rate if it hurts; require adequate urine output.

Hypocalcemia Risk Factors

Hypoparathyroidism, chronic diarrhea (chrons, IBS), pancreatitis, reduced calcium intake, and metastatic cancer.

Sodium Seizure Precaution Threshold

Seizure precautions are required when sodium gets below 125.