Pakistan to Nepal

PAKISTAN

Came into existence as the fulfilment of a dream to create a Muslim homeland in South Asia - that all Muslims in the subcontinent belonged to a separate nation, distinct from Hindus.

PUNJABIS, SINDHIS, PATHANS, MUHAJIRS, & BALOCH.

PAKISTAN's 5 major ethnic groups

URDU

PAKISTAN's national language

Islamabad

PAKISTAN's Capital

Pakistani rupee

PAKISTAN's Currency

Islamic Republic

PAKISTAN's Type of Government

1. Unenforced constitution

2. Dormant(inactive) legislatures

3. Ineffective political parties

4. Chronic (habitual) military rule

Failures of Pakistan's Political Development (4)

BANGLADESH (EAST PAKISTAN)

On Dec. 16, 1971, it became an independent, sovereign nation with West Pakistan.

BENGALI (E), URDU (W)

Cultural differences between East Pakistan and West Pakistan (language)

Wider use (E), Simple (W)

Cultural differences between East Pakistan and West Pakistan (use of music)

Lesser veil (E), Full veil (W)

Cultural differences between East Pakistan and West Pakistan (use of veil by women)

Dhaka

BANGLADESH's Capital

Taka

BANGLADESH's Currency

Parliamentary democracy

BANGLADESH's Type of Government

Bengali

BANGLADESH's official language

Muslim (Sunnis) (88%), Hinduism (10%), Christian, Buddhist, and Animist (2%)

Religions in BANGLADESH (5)

1. Achievement in self-sufficiency in food grains.

2. A sharp decrease in the rate of population growth.

Two principal goals of Bangladesh

SRI LANKA

A teardrop-shaped island located at the foot of the South Asian subcontinent, it is known for its natural beauty and lush vegetation.

TEA

SRI LANKA is known for its ___ plantations.

Portugese

Dutch

British

Europeans (3) that marked a change in the nature of life on Sri Lankans to whom they lost their independence

- desire to establish trade and to spread the Roman Catholic religion (P)

- desire to transform the island into an export-oriented economy by establishing coffee, cinnamon, cotton, tobacco and sugar plantations (D)

- spread the faith of the Dutch Reformed Church - Protestant (D)

- the fear of French influence in South Asia (B)

Reasons for the arrival of Europeans in Sari Lanka

Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte

SRI LANKA's Capital

Sri Lankan rupee

SRI LANKA's Currency

Democratic Socialist Republic

SRI LANKA's Type of Government

Sinhala, Tamil

SRI LANKA's Official Languages

Balangoda Man

skeletal fragments of the ___ in June 2012 reveal that SRI LANKA was inhabited as early as 37,000 BCE

Mesolithic phase

earthenware and clay burial pots started around 6,000 BCE during the ___

Iron Age

___ is believed to have started around 1000 BCE after technology was transferred from southern India

Veddas (Wanniyala-Aetto)

Sri Lanka's aborigines, the ___ are believed to have either descended from the Balangoda or migrated from mainland around 18,000 BCE

hydraulic civilization

development of a ___ started around 500 BCE

Buddhism

foundation of Sri Lankan tradition and culture

Mahavamsa, Dipavamsa, and Culavamsa

earliest records of ___ (3) provide a mixture of fact and legend

Dipavamsa and Culavamsa

according to the ___ and ___, the Buddha visited the island thrice in the 5th century

Naga kings

snake worshippers

Yakkhas

demon worshippers

Devas

god worshippers

Ravanna

the Ramayana also makes some references to SRI LANKA as the home of the demon king ___

Nagasena

Mahavamsa, written around 400 BCE by the monk ___

Prince Vijaya

Mahavamsa, reveals that Sri Lanka's history begins with the arrival of ___ with 700 of his men from Singhapura

Singhapura

the capital of Bhurishrestha Kingdom in Vanga (Bengal,India) in the 6th century BCE

Kuveni

Vijaya married ___, a Yakkha/Yaksha princess, and became the founder of the first Sri Lankan kingdom, Rajarata

Yakkhas/Yakshas

Vijaya later rejects Kuveni and banishes her; she takes their children who were forced to flee to the jungles after their mother was killed by the ___

Anuradhapura

the capital of Rajarata for over a thousand years

Upatissa

Vijaya died, Anuradhapura was placed under the regency of ___, the chief minister

Panduvasudeva

Vijaya's nephew

Buddhakachchana

Panduvasudeva's union with Princess ___, a descendant of the Buddha, commenced a long line of Sinhalese kings that ruled from Anuradhapura until 1017 CE

Devanampiya Tissa

during the reign of ___ (250-210 BCE) close diplomatic and cultural ties were maintained with Emperor Asoka of the Mauryan dynasty

Mahinda

Buddhism was introduced to Sri Lanka by ___, son of Ashoka, in 247 BCE

Thuparama Dagoba

the oldest and largest stupa, was built in Anuradhapura

Thera Sangamitta

___ later followed Mahinda, carrying a branch of the Bodhi tree and later establishing the order of Bhikkunis

Devanampiya Tissa

peace and prosperity reigned over the kingdom of ___ during his 40-year reign which sponsored what later on became Theravada/Hinayana Buddhism

Elara

around 205 BCE, the Tamil Chola king ___ launched an invasion of Anuradhapura; after killing king Asela, he ruled Rajarata until 161 BCE

Dutugamunu

distinguished himself as the one who expanded and beautified Anuradhapura by building numerous stupas, temples and monasteries

King Mahasena (275-301 CE)

launched a campaign to destroy Mahayana Buddhism and built numerous reservoir and irrigation systems in Sri Lanka

Hemamali

In 313 CE, the sacred tooth relic of the Buddha was brought to Sri Lanka from India by princess ___

Dhatusena

after being ruled by the Pandyan, King ___ liberated Anuradhapura in 459 CE from the Tamils again

Kasyapa

King Dhatusena was assassinated by his son ___, the builder of the rock palace of Sigiriya

Pallava, Pandya and Chola

kingdom at Anuradhapura - three Hindu Empires

Prince Manavamma

Tamil influence was firmly imbedded into Sri Lanka, when ___ seized the throne through the help of the Pallava in the 7th century CE

Pallava

Hindu/Pallava

the Anuradhapura kingdom will eventually thrive under ___ patronage and ___ influence

Pandyans

during the 10th century, the Sinhalese came to the aid of the ___ by sending an army against the Cholas in southern India

Pandyan-Sinhalese

the ___ alliance lost leading to an invasion and destruction of Anuradhapura by the Chola king Rajaraja the Great in 993 CE

King Mahinda V

the last Sinhalese king of Anuradhapura

Tamil Chola

after the fall of the last Sinhalese king, Sri Lanka came to be ruled as a province of the Empire of the ___, whose influenced extended to as far as Malaysia and Sumatra in Indonesia

Polonnaruwa

the Chola in Sri Lanka established their capital at ___

King Vijayabahu I

___ drove the Cholas out of Sri Lanka in 1070 then rebuilt the Buddhist temples and monasteries that were either neglected or destroyed under the Chola

Parakramabahu

stability was restored in SRI LANKA by King ___ the Great in 1153

Nissankamalla

Sri Lanka enjoyed a long period of peace and stability during the reign of King ___ who made it mandatory that the Sinhalese king be Buddhist

Dambadeniya

from 1220 to 1283, the Sinhalese state moved to a new capital ___ following another invasion by the Tamils

Prakramabahu

distinguished himself as a literary genius and wrote Kausilumina

Yapahuwa

a temple for the tooth relic was built here

King Prakramabahu III

___ restored the kingdom to Polonnaruwa and relied upon diplomacy with the Pandyan that brought the tooth relic back to Sri Lanka

Bhuvanekabahu II

in 1305, the capital was temporarily moved to Kurunagala by King ___

1. Jaffina

2. Gampolla

3. Kotte

Kingdoms in Sri Lanka (Medieval History) (3)

Kingdom of Jaffina

tributary state of the Pandyan that was established in 1215 by Magha (Aryachakravarti dynasty) who was from Kalinga, India

Kingdom of Gampolla

Independent city kingdom that rose in central Sri Lanka that served as the capital of the Sinhalese for about half a century

Alagakkonara

a powerful clan in Gampolla

Kingdom of Kotte

last Sinhalese kingdom to unify all of the island

Sitawaka, Raigama and Kotte

in 1521, the king was assassinated by his three sons who divided the kingdom into three realms

Dharmapala

Kotte was abandoned by its king, ___ who moved to Colombo under Portuguese protection in 1565

1. Sitawaka

2. Kandy

Kingdoms in Sri Lanka (Colonial History) (2)

Kingdom of Sitawaka

short-lived kingdom that split from Kotte in 1521

Raigama

Kotte annexed the southern kingdom of ___ in 1538

Kingdom of Kandy

established during the reign of Vikramabahu III of Gampola in the late 15th century

Vimaladharmasurya

Kandy regained its independence under king ___ who brought the tooth relic to the kingdom

Portugese

during the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the kingdom would stage a spirited resistance to ___ attempts at colonization

Joris van Spielbergen

in 1602 , Kandy established contacts with the Netherlands with the arrival of ___

Dutch East India company

attempt by the ___ to conclude a comprehensive trade agreement failed and led to the massacre of company officials due to their offensive behavior

Danish East India Company

Kingdom of Kandy survive with the help of the ___

Kandyans

the ___ won a major battle against Portugal in 1638

Nayakkar dynasty

a succession crisis in 1739 led to the ascension of the ___ whose reign that lasted up to the 19th century was constantly threatened by rebellion

Frederick North

the British appointed their first governor of Ceylon, Frederick North (1798-1805) to take care of all British possessions in SRI LANKa

Treaty of Amiens

all Dutch lands in Sri Lanka were ceded to the British in 1802 by the ___

Kandyan Wars

in 1803, after some British traders were arrested and beaten by the Kandyans, the British declared war, thus commencing the ___ (1803-1815)

Muttusami

as the British made their way into Kandy, the Kandyans retreated allowing the British to establish a garrison and install a puppet king, ___

Sri Wickama Rajasinha

Kandyan king that was killed during the Kandyan wars

King Rajasinha

his capricious and brutal rule resulted in popular unrest both by the clergy and the laity, and his arrest, murder and mutilation of British nationals in 1814 led to harsh British reprisals

Robert Brownrigg

on March 2, 1815, the British led by ___ met with he Kandyan nobility who were forced to accept the proposal to turn the kingdom into a British protectorate

1. The crisis of economic development and the difficulty meeting the material needs of the people.

2. The need for a resolution of the civil wars that have engulfed the country since 1983 (Tamils vs. Sinhalese).

Two serious problems of the current government

Louis Dupree

evidence from the excavations of prehistoric sites by ___ reveal that Afghanistan was inhabited by humans 50,000 years ago and farming communities developed early in the area