CHAPTER 4 CHURCH HISTORY

How long do the MIDDLE AGES span

They span from the fall of the Roman Empire (476) through the dawn of the Renaissance in the 15th century

What did the CHURCH provide in the midst of political, social, and religious upheaval?

Security

What is the middle ages also known as?

Medieval period

What are two things about the Early Middle Ages?

-Period of weakened civil rules and authority
-Church filled with authority vacuum

What are two things about the High Middle Ages ?

-Founding of the university system
-corruption and reform

What are two things about the Late Middle Ages?

-Suffering, black death
-Led to Protestant Reformation

Where is early medieval art included in?

illuminated manuscripts

What art did the High Middle Ages include?

metal work, sculpture, and paintings with more advanced techniques

What kind of art did the late Middle Ages usher in?

Gothic art (covering a two-century period leading into the Renaissance)

What was St. Patrick's nationality at birth?

Roman citizen in Britain

How was St. Patrick captured?

Enslaved in Ireland by pirates

What did St. Patrick do after returning to Britain?

Entered a monastery

Why did St. Patrick return to Ireland?

To convert the people

Who was St. Augustine of Canterbury?

A missionary who played a key role in converting the Anglo-Saxon king.

What advice did St. Augustine of Canterbury follow from St. Gregory?

To destroy as few pagan temples as possible.

What was the result of St. Augustine's approach to pagan temples?

It led to changing the purpose of such temples.

Who was St. Boniface?

A British monk who set up monasteries as a wandering priest.

What did St. Boniface do to the tree dedicated to Thor?

He chopped it down.

What was the outcome of St. Boniface chopping down the tree dedicated to Thor?

He was not killed by Thor, which led to many conversions.

Higra

an event that signifies the start of the Muslim faith and caldendar

Hijrha

migration of Muhammad and the Muslims from Mecca to Medina

Muhammad

An arabian merchant

What did Muhammad claim?

•He claimed that angel Gabriel visited him and revealed a sacred text called the Qur'an.

Where did Muhammad live?

Mecca and attracted followers

What happened when the Muslims faced persecution?

The fled to Medina, Hegria

Where did Islam spread?

Rapidly across the Arabian desert and eventually into Europe

What are the 5 pillars of Islam?

Faith, prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, and charity

Faith

(Shahada) profession of faith for the Muslims

Prayer

(Salah) the tirual prayer of Islam that Muslims preform 5 times a day in the direction of Mecca

Charity

(Zaca) required donation of a portion of a Muslim wealth

Pilgrimage

(Haji) to mecca that every Muslim has to do once in their lifetime

Fasting

when Muslims have to fast during romadum (always in the 9th month)

How did Islam Spread?

•The Byzantine Empire was defenseless against the onslaught of Muslim expansion.
•Taxes imposed upon "infidels" or non-believers were high.
•Kings converted to Islam and the populace shortly thereafter.
•Exceptional religious tolerance added to the religious diversity in the region without displacing existing religions.

What was the Byzantine emperor growing less effective in?

protecting Rome (he ruled the East and West empires)

Who did the Church seek help from?

The Franks

Who succeeded Charles Martel?

Pepin the Short

What did Pepin the Short do?

-Seized control of the throne from another Frankish King and declared himself king of the Franks
-Kept the Muslims from taking over Europe

Who did Pepin's forces defeat? Where did they return too?

The Lombards. They returned to the Pope territories the Lombards had captured.

What did Pepin the Short give to the Pope?

Papal States

Who was Charlemagne?

a medieval emperor who rues much of the Western Europe

Who did Charlemagne become the king of?

The Franks

What was the goal of Charlemagne's mission he embarked on?

To unite all Germanic peoples (franks) into one kingdom and convert his subjects to Christianity

Who is Charlemagne the son of?

Pepin the Short. (he came into power after his father's death)

What kind of leader was Charlemagne?

A brutal leader

Who did Charlemagne defeat?

The Lombards

What did the Pope call Charlemagne?

"The Protector of the Papacy"

What were two other titles for Charlemagne?

-King of the Franks
-Bloody Saxtoons

Why was Charlemagne considered a brutal leader?

Because of his treatment of the Saxtons

Who were the Saxtons?

Pagans and NOT christians

What did Pope Leo III crown Charlemagne in 800?

The Holy Roman Emperor at Christmas mass at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome

How many kids and wives did Charlemagne have?

-17 kids
-4 wives

Charlemagne as a father?

-Encouraged his children's education
-Did not let his daughters marry while he was alive
-loved them so much

Who is Louis the Pious

-Crowned co-emperor in 813 when Charlemagne neared death
-Became sole emperor after his death
-let the empire dissolve

Charlemagne's Saint hood

Charlemagne was canonized for political reasons; however, the church today does not recognize his sainthood.

What is simony?

the buying and selling of church offices

What is lay investiture?

A practice in the Middle Ages whereby secular rulers chose the bishops for their territories, thus usurping the right of the pope to choose bishops.

What were Key Events of the High Middle Ages?

-Renewal of Benedictine Monasticism
-Development of religious orders for women
-Introduction of new religious orders

What happened from the 9th to the 11th century?

-Papal corruption
-Popes were were being influenced by wealthy families for land

What happened during Cluny Abby?

-Monastic reforms
-Rule and Spirit of St. Benedict emphasized poverty, simplicity, freedom from lay influence
-Monte Cassino was established by St. Benedict
-Renewal of Monastic life
-Existing monastic orders established and enforced strict rules

What is mendicant?

They traveled from town to town, relying on charity for their basic needs

What did St. Bernard of Clairvaux inspire?

People to go on a disastrous second crusade

What reforms came from Pope Leo IX?

he traveled widely to fight against abuses of clerical incontinence, lay investiture, and simony

What reforms did Pope Nicholas II do?

Created the College of Cardinals to elect future popes.

What reforms came from Pope Gregory VII?

Maintained devotion to the Church's independence from secular government

What reforms came from Pope Innocent III?

Convoked the Fourth Lateran Council in Rome

What is another name for "puppet pope"

Anti-pope

Pope Gregory VII

-Called "Hellbrand for his fiery temperament, brillance, and devotion to the Church's independence from secular influences.

What did Pope Gregory VII do?

-Clerical Celibacy throughout the Church
-Moved to eradicate simony and lay investiture
-Determined only the pope could make new laws
-banned lay election of bishops or the pope
-eventually replaced with a "puppet pope"

What happened between German Emperor and Gregory?

-Henry objected to the pope's rule
-Disposed Gregory
-Henry was excommunicated
-Henry asked for forgiveness
-Preformed public penance
-Failed the promises
-excommunicated again
-Henry set siege to Rome and set up new pope after disposing of Gregory
-Gregory died in exile

What happened in the Fourth Lateran Council in Rome?

-Instructions to the faithful were given
-Enforced celibacy and elimanted simony
-Secrecy of the confessional was established
-annual confessions and reception of the Eucharist during easter was required
-7 Sacraments formally named
-Transubstantiation was defined

Transubstantion

The changing of the bread and wine in to the body and blood of jesus christ

What was the Albigensian heresy?

The spirit was created by God and was good, while the body was created by an evil god, and the spirit must be free from the body

Why was papal inquisition created>

to repel the Albigensian heresy

Why did Pope Innocent II begin a Crusade?

against the Albigensian heresy

Medieval Inquisition

An inquisition established by the Church in the thirteenth century aimed at rooting out heresies. Sometimes called the Papal Inquisition.

Christendom

-A time of great achievement in the Middle Ages when the Church and Western society were one

What does Christendom refer to?

The group of nations in which Catholicism was the established religion of the state

What were the Goals of the Crusades?

-To recover holy sites occupied by Muslims
-To defend the faith against heretics
-To reunite Eastern and Western Churches
-To gain territory for landless peasants and lords

First Crusade

the only successful crusade and they captured NIcea then Jerusalem

Second Crusade

The Crusade that failed in its goal of recapturing the Crusader state of Edessa from the Turks.

Third Crusade

(1189 - 1192) Crusade led by King Richard the Lionhearted to recapture the city of Jerusalem from Islamic forces led by Saladin; failed in attempt. They got permisson to visit the only land tho

Fourth Crusade

-Pope innocent called this one
-forced the roman liturgy on the Byzantine
-Spoke Greek in the East
-Latin in the West

Children's Crusade

short-lived failed crusade in 1212 by young people from europe who marched on the holy land to regain it for christianity
The children did not make it
Loss of holy land

Outcomes of the Crusades

-minor success militarily
-goods and inventions
-learned advanced studies with contact of Muslims
-Brought back works of Greek philosophers

Conciliarism

Belief that Church councils have greater authority than the pope

Scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

Thomism

denied the totality of man's sinful nature and his dependence upon God for everything

What does Pope Boniface's reign mark?

the decline of the Papacry

What war was going on during the Decline of the Papacy?

France and England

Why did Pope Clement V move the Church's headquarters from Rome to Avigon?

-He was weak and easily influenced
-the government had too much influence on church matters

Why was Rome selected as where the Pope was?

Peter and Paul were executed in Rome, so it became home base

What did it mean that the Pope moved to France?

It showed some favoring with the French

The Avignon Papacy

the period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome

What happened to the papacy after moving to France?

-The French arrested the Pope
-The Pope died a short while later
-France elected a new Pope Clement V

Pope Clement V

weak pope who was dominated by French king and added 10 new Cardinals (9 were french)

St. Catherine of Siena

Convinces the Pope to move back to Rome, Doctor of Church

Why did the pope need to come back to Rome?

The plague turned Europe apart and he needed to come back and show leadership and comfort to the people of Europe.
-Not showing favortism to france

The Great Western Schism

A split within the Church that lasted from 1378 to 1417, when there were two or three claimants to the papacy at once. Also called the Papal Schism.

What did the Great Western Schism cause?

-Confusion for faithful Christians
-Launched political maneuvering as governments took sides along political lines.

What happened after Gregory XI comes back to Rome?

•Gregory comes back to Rome and dies
•Cardinal needs to elect a new one but all from France
•Elect an Italian Pope
•France Cardinals went back to France
•They elected an antipope Clement
•Council called to determine pope and get rid of both
•Pick Alexander, but he died on his way to Rome
•Called another council to elect another pope
•Elect Martin the 5th
•This is the end of the schism
•(also known of the papal schism)