History of Design II Exam 2

Topkapi Palace

Location: present-day Istanbul, Turkey

Built: beginning 1459

Süleymaniye Mosque

Architect: Mimar Sinan

Location: present-day Istanbul, Turkey

Built: beginning 1559

New Maidan (Naqsh-e Jahan Square)

Location: Isfahan, Iran

Built: ca. 1587–1629

Masjid-i-Shah Mosque

Location: Isfahan, Iran

Built: beginning 1611

Fatehpur Sikri

Location: near present-day Agra, India

Built: beginning 1561

Taj Mahal

Location: Agra, India

Built: 1632–1643

jali

a perforated stone or latticed screen, usually with an ornamental pattern constructed through the use of calligraphy and geometry. This form of architectural decoration is common in Hindu temple architecture, Indo-Islamic Architecture, and more generally in Islamic Architecture

chattri

in Indian architecture, a decorative pavilion with an umbrella-shaped cupola supported by columns

char bagh

enclosed garden of Persian origin; is a garden subdivided into four parts by canals and paths, e.g. the Paradise-garden of the Tâj Mahal at Agra

Piazza del Campidoglio

Architect: Michelangelo Buonarotti

Location: Rome, Italy

Built: beginning 1538

Il Gesù

Architect: Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola (façade by Giacomo della Porta)

Location: Rome, Italy

Built: beginning 1568, façade finished in 1577

Palazzo Barberini

Architect: Carlo Maderno (with contributions by Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini)

Location: Rome, Italy

Built: beginning 1628

Cornaro Chapel

Architect: Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Location: Rome, Italy

Built: 1647–51

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

Architect: Francesco Borromini

Location: Rome, Italy

Built: 1638–41, façade built 1665–67

Saint Peter’s Square

Architect: Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Location: Rome, Italy

Built: beginning 1656

Saint Peter’s Baldacchino

Architect: Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Location: St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, Italy

Built: 1624–33

Cathedra Petri

Architect: Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Location: St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, Italy

Built: 1656–66

baroque

style of 17th and 18th European architecture derived from late Renaissance Mannerism. . . Theatrical and exuberant, it employed convex‒concave flowing curves in plan, elevation, and section, optical illusions, complicated geometries and relationships between volumes of different shapes and sizes, emphatic overstatement, daring color, exaggerated modeling, and much architectural and symbolic rhetoric; emerged in Rome essentially as a counterstatement to the Reformation; the architects who had contributed most to bring it to its ripe and full-fledged characteristics were Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598 1680) and Francesco Castelli Borromini (1599–1667)

enfilade

Baroque alignment of all the doorways (usually sited near the window-walls) in a series or suite of rooms so as to create a vista when the doors were open, as in a palace. It avoided corridors, privacy provided by e.g. the hangings around a bed

Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598–1680)

• He made an outstanding contribution to the evolution of Baroque in Rome, where his family settled (ca.1605), and where he spent the rest of his life.

• “By the age of 20 he was famous, and from the election of Maffeo Barberini (b.1568) as Pope Urban VIII (r. 1623–44) his rise was meteoric: he began work (1624) on his gigantic Baldacchino in St. Peter’s, Rome, a tour-de force with four barley-sugar columns that alluded to the columns supposedly taken from the Herodian Temple in Jerusalem” (The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture).

• His contemporaries saw him as the heir to Michelangelo. Like Michelangelo, he began as a virtuoso sculptor before becoming an equally effective architect

Francesco Borromini (1599–1667)

• One of the greatest Baroque architects in 17th-century Rome, he was born Francesco Castello near Como, studied sculpture in Milan (where he probably met masons working on late-Gothic forms at the Duomo), and was apprenticed to his relative, Carlo Maderno, from ca.1620, before assisting (1629–33) Bernini (of whom he was critical and jealous) at St. Peter’s in Rome.

• Fascinated by the teachings of Galileo Galilei (1564–1642—who held that mathematics was the key to Nature), Borromini developed his architecture through highly complex interlinked geometries, creating powerful, restless, dynamic forms totally different from the concatenated method of Renaissance design.

cathedra

Chair or seat of a Bishop in his church. In Early Christian times, it was placed in the apse of a basilica behind the altar, but later, in the medieval period, it was situated in the choir, associated with stalls

San Agustín de Acolman

Location: Acolman, present-day Mexico

Built: 1520s–1560s

San Lorenzo de El Escorial

Location: near Madrid, Spain

Built: beginning 1563

Church of Santa Prisca

Location: Taxco, present-day Mexico

Built: 1751–58

Tower of Belém

Location: Lisbon, Portugal

Built: 1514–19

Church of São Francisco de Assis

Location: Ouro Preto, present-day Minais Gerais, Brazil

Built: ca. 1766–94

San Esteban del Rey

Location: Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico

Built: 1629–1642

feudalism

The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crownin exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection

encomiendas

what the grants of estates conferred on conquistadors by the Spanish crown; recipients of the grant were called. The possession of one did not confer ownership of land, but rather the right to collect taxes and demand services from Indians who lived in villages within the area designated by it; in return, the encomiendero was required to provide a Christian education for the Indians

atrio

a large open court, walled along the edges, that used the façade of the church as a backdrop; was reminiscent of the plazas that fronted the pre-Columbian pyramids which were familiar to the native population

capilla abierta

an outdoor chapel to conduct mass at the west end

plateresque

Intricate highly decorative style of early 16th Spanish architecture, supposedly resembling fine silversmith’s work, with enrichments derived from Classical, Gothic, Moorish, and Renaissance sources, extravagantly applied to the walls of late-Gothic buildings and generally unrelated to any expression of construction

churrigueresque

Term applied to an extravagant style of architecture and ornament popular in Spain (and also Latin America) in the 18th century and sometimes used more loosely to refer to the Rococo period as a whole in Spanish architecture. It is named after the Churriguera family of architects and sculptors, who were active mainly in Seville

retablo, or retable

refers to two different types of objects: large-scale architectural structures, usually of gilded wood, enframing sculptures and paintings, which decorate altars in churches throughout the Iberian world; and small votive paintings that tell the stories of miraculous events. . . . The large altar retablos, to which the word literally refers (retro tabula, “behind the table”), tell the stories of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and saints in painting and sculpture; often the images can be read sequentially

Place Royale (Place des Vosges)

Location: Paris, France

Built: beginning 1605

Vaux-le-Vicomte

Architects: Louis Le Vau Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Charles Le Brun, and André Le Nôtre

Location: Maincy, France

Built: 1657–61

Versailles

Architects: Louis Le Vau Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Charles Le Brun, and André Le Nôtre

Location: Versailles, France

Built: beginning 1661

East Façade, Louvre Palace

Architects: Louis Le Vau, Charles Le Brun, Claude Perrault

Location: Paris, France

Built: 1668–70

Cathedral of Saint Basil the Blessed

Location: Moscow, Russia

Built: 1555–61

Saint Petersburg

Location: Saint Petersburg, Russia

Built: beginning 1703

Würzburg Residence

Architect: Johann Balthasar Neumann

Location: Würzburg, Germany

Built: 1754–64

parterre

An ornamental flower garden laid out in geometrical or botanical designs. Parterres de broderie or embroidered parterres (Italian ricami) had with symmetrical botanical designs, executed in box against a background of colored soil

André le Nôtre (1613–1700)

• Was one of the greatest French landscape architects.

• Appointed (1657) Contrôleur Généraldes Bâtiments, Jardins, Tapisseries, et Manufactures de Franceafter he had begun work on the design of the gardens at Vaux-le Vicomte(laid out 1656–61) for Nicolas Fouquet (1615–80).

• His greatest project being the gardens of Versailles, with fountains, canals, avenues, and parterres (1661–87).

• His work for Louis XIV (r. 1643–1715) was enormously influential throughout Europe.

Claude Perrault (1613–1688)

• Claude Perrault was a French physician and amateur architect who, together with Louis Le Vau, Charles Le Brun, and François d’Orbay, designed the eastern facade of the Louvre.

• Perrault’s training was in mathematics and medicine, and he was a practicing physician. He was elected a member of the newly founded Academy of Sciences in 1666, and in 1673 he produced a renownedFrench annotated translation of Vitruvius’s architectural treatise.

• Perrault published Ordonnance des Cinq Espècesde Colonnes(1683—translated into other languages later) in which he expressed doubts that proportion could determine beauty. Perrault was an important in the evolution of French rationalism.

Rococo

• Light pastels, ivory white, and gold were the predominant colors, and decorators frequently used mirrors to enhance the sense of open space.

• The word is derived from the French word rocaille, which denoted the shell-covered rock work that was used to decorate artificial grottoes