Exam 2

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system

Support - provide the frame work for the attachment of other organs

Mineral storage - calcium and phosphate ions

Blood formation - red bone marrow is the chief producer of blood cells

Movement - limb movement, breathing, and other movement depend on the bone

Protection - of brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, and more

Components of skeletal system?

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons

What is bone matrix made of? Give example of each

1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic matter.

Organic matter ex = collagen

Inorganic matter ex = calcium

What are the 4 bone cells

Osteogenic cells - stem cells

Osteoblasts - bone forming cells

Osteocytes - former osteoblast that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited

Osteoclasts - breaks bone down and found on bone surface

What cell is found inside the lacunae?

Osteocytes

Why do we need a strong bone?

Strong bone produces strong blood

What does the pressure of braces stimulate? And what does is do?

The pressure of braces stimulates osteoclasts that desolve the bone but then osteoblasts form new bone behind the teeth

What is a lacuna?

A small space in bone matrix containing an osteocyte

What is a Haversian/central canal?

The central canal of an osteon

What is an osteon?

The structural unit of compact bone.

Contains:

• Central/Haversian canal

• Lamellae

• Osteocytes

• Canaliculi

Compact bone

dense and hard outer shell that provides support and strength

Spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone

Loosely organized bone tissue that is found inside bones and at the ends of long bones

Function - stores bone marrow to make blood cells

What is the periosteum and what cells are found in it?

The periosteum is an outside sheath that covers most of your bones.

It contains osteogenic cells.

What is the endosteum and what cells are found in it?

The endosteum is thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity.

Contains osteogenic cells

What is this pointing to? And what is it?

Mandullary cavity.

Space in the diaphysis of long bone that contains bone marrow

What is the diaphysis?

Shaft of long bone that provides leverage

What is the Epiphysis

Enlarged ends of long bone.

Strengthens joint and anchors ligaments and tendons

What is this pointing to? And what is it?

Articular cartilage

It is a layer of hyaline cartilage that covers joint surfaces and allows joint to move more freely

What is this pointing to? And what is it?

Nutrient foramen.

Miniature holes in bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate

What is this and is this an adult or children bone

This is the epiphyseal plate which is a growth plate made of hyaline cartilage.

It is found in children bone

What is this and is this an adult or children bone

This is the epiphyseal line which is a solid bony mark that remains where the growth plate used to be.

This means the bone is done growing and is found in adults.

What is ossification?

Formation of bone

2 types of ossification?

intramembranous and endochondral

Starting material of intramembranous ossification

Mesenchymal CT

What type of bones does intramembranous ossification produce

Flat bones

Starting material of endochondral ossification

Hyaline cartilage

What type of bones does endochondral ossification produce?

Most bones of the body

Factors regulating bone development/growth?

Minerals, vitamins, and hormones

What cells would you expect to find in an 85-year-old woman with osteoporosis?

Osteoclast

Because they breakdown bones

What makes up the axial skeleton?

Skull

vertebral column

sternum

ribs

sacrum

hyoid

How many cranial bones?

8 cranial bone:

1 Frontal

2 Parietal

2 Temporal

1 Occipital

1 Sphenoid

1 Ethmoid

How many facial bones

14 facial bones:

2 maxillae

2 nasal

2 palatine

2 inferior nasal conchae

2 zygomatic

2 lacrimal

1 vomer

1 mandible

What separates the two parietal bones

Sagittal suture

What suture is between frontal and parietal bone

Coronal suture

What suture is between parietal bone and occipital bone?

Lambdoid suture

What suture is between parietal and temporal bones?

Squamous suture

What bone is the "keystone" of the skull? Why is that?

Sphenoid bone.

This is because it sits right in the middle of the skull base and connects to almost every other bone in the cranium.

Mastoid process is located in what bone?

Temporal bone

What is the hyoid bone? Does it articulate with any other bones?

The hyoid bone is a small, u shaped bone located in the upper neck. Anchor of your tongue and and helps you to swallow

No the hyoid bone does not articulate/connect with any other bones

Functions of the vertebral column?

Support, protection of the spinal cord, and shock absorption

What are the regions of the vertebral column and how many bones are found in each region?

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral (1 sacrum)

4 coccygeal (1 coccyx)

What are the normal curvatures of the vertebral column?

Slight S shape with 4 bends

The bends are: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic

What makes the first two cervical vertebrae special?

The atlas(C1) lets you nod your head “yes”

The axis(C2) lets you nod your head “no”

What skull bone does the atlas articulate with?

The atlas articulates with the occipital bone

What bone does the dens of the axis articulate with?

The dens of the axis articulates with the atlas

What is the bony thorax(aka thoracic cage)?

It is the skeletal framework of the chest that protects vital organs and supports breathing

What are the components of the bony thorax(aka thoracic cage)?

Thoracic vertabrea

Ribs

Sternum

Costal cartilage

Identify in the sternum, the body, manubrium, and xiphoid process.

Why are ribs 8-12 considered false ribs?

They are false ribs because they do not attach directly to the sternum

Why are ribs 11-12 further characterized as floating ribs.

Ribs 11-12 are the floating ribs because they do not have an anterior attachment to the sternum

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

Pectoral girdles

Upper limbs

Pelvic girdles

Lower limbs

Pectoral girdle bones?

Clavicle and Scapula

What is the function of the pectoral girdle?

The function of the pectoral girdle is that is connects upper limbs to the axial skeleton and provides a stable and flexible base for arm movement

Pelvic girdle bones?

Ilium, ischium, pubis, and sacrum

What are the functions of the pelvic girdle?

The functions of the pelvic girdle is to connect lower limbs to spine, protect internal organs, and support and transfer upper body weight

What are the bones of the upper limb?

Humerus

radius

ulna

carpals

metacarpals

phalanges

What are the bones of the lower limb?

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

What is an articulation?

Any point where 2 bones meet

what is arthrology?

Science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction

Joints can be classified by

Function or structure

Functional joint classifications?

Synarthroses = immovable

Amphiarthroses = slightly movable

Diarthroses = freely movable

Structural classifications?

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

Fibrous function and example

Synarthroses(immovable)

Sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses

Cartilaginous function and example

Amphiarthrosis(slightly movable)

Pubic symphysis

Synovial function and example

Diarthrosis (freely movable)

Shoulder joint

6 characteristics of all synovial joints

1. A joint capsule

2. Articular cartilages

3. A joint cavity with synovial fluid

4. A synovial membrane

5. Accessory structures

6. Sensory nerves and blood vessels

Movement allowed by synovial joints

Gliding - 1 bone across the surface of another

Angular movement - movements change the angle between bones

Rotation - rotation around a bones long axis

What and where are articular cartilages? What is their function?

Articular cartilages are smooth layers of hyaline cartilage that cover the opposing bone surfaces within a synovial joint

Allows bones to glide smoothly past each other during movement

What is a joint (synovial) cavity filled with?

Synovial fluid

What is synovial fluid? Where is it made? What is its function?

A thick slippery liquid

Made in the synovial membrane

One function is lubrication

What is the articular capsule and its function?

A double layered connective tissue sleeve that holds bone together

What are the articular discs and their function?

Pads of fibrocartilage located in between articulating bones of some synovial joints

A function is movement control

What are the functions of the bursae and tendon sheaths?

Bursae and tendon sheaths are cushions that reduce friction