NOT DONE KQ2 - Outremer

Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

How were the states developed (overview)?

(4)

• A king was chosen to rule

• More land/territory was captured b/w 1100-30, which were formed three provinces, counties of: Antioch, Edessa + Tripoli

• Counties = organised in same way as European feudal states (land allocated to lesser nobles who gave rulers armed support when needed)

• Legal/political structures = like those in W Europe, w/ king as feudal overlord

Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

Why was the survival of Outremer uncertain, and what would it depend on?

Most crusaders returned home → left only a few thousand to establish/hold the States

Survival would depend on:

• Muslim disunity

• Alliances + western aid

• Military Orders

• Castles

Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

What challenges did Outremer face?

(4)

• Aid from the west declined

• Relations w/ Byzantium deteriorated (to the point it was actively seeking Muslim aid vs Outremer)

• Development of jihad

• Internal instability (especially succession issues)

Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

How was Edessa established?

(4)

• First State founded – captured from Byzantine ruler (1098)

• 1st ruled by Baldwin I (of Boulogne) → became Count of Edessa

• Was strategically placed in Armenia → possession of Edessa = helpful in keeping Antioch secure

• Was fertile in comparison to the regions in the south SO a crucial source of food

Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

What was the development of Edessa?

(7)

• Within short period of time, Baldwin acquired a lot of treasure, married a local princess, + adopted many Arab habits (integrated)

• Included local inhabitants in his gov (but control = maintained by the Franks) in hopes integration of diff groups would increase stability

• Muslims = granted religious toleration, but, bcs unreliable allies, Baldwin didn’t trust them w/ much power

• Dedicated crusaders didn’t like this → thought Muslims shouldn’t be given freedom of worship + felt Baldwin was going against aims of Crusade

• In theory, Edessa should have been returned to Byzantium bcs of the oath w/ Alexios BUT Baldwin kept control bcs he possessed it

• Baldwin became King of Jerusalem (1100) → Baldwin Le Bourcq (his cousin), became Count of Edessa → this Baldwin became Baldwin II of Jerusalem (1118) → Joscelin I became Count

• Joscelin managed to extend his rule towards Aleppo

Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

What were the issues in Edessa?

(2)

• Suffered extensively from Muslim raids + internal rivalries SO no longer the rich city it was when first taken

• Powerful earthquake in 1114 made situation worse

Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

What was the establishment of Antioch?

(3)

• 1098

• Was under Bohemund, but struggled to maintain his position vs local Armenian + Byzantine warlords → captured by the Danishmends (Turkish tribe) when trying to take the city of Melitene

• Was imprisoned b/w 1100-3 (his nephew, Tancred ruled as regent) + defeated at Harran (1104) → left the east in 1105 (Tancred became Prince)

Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

What was the development of Antioch?

(4)

• Tancred + his successor (Roger of Salerno, ruler 1113-19) expanded Antioch’s territory

• Tancred's administration = similar to the former Byzantine rulers BUT relied on Norman officials, who he could trust

• When attacked by local Muslim rulers, he avoided pitched battles, SO preserved limited manpower

• Constructed network of allies on his borders, allowing the State to survive

Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

What was the establishment of Tripoli?

(2)

• Founded by Raymond of Toulouse (1103)

• Made no gains in Antioch/Jerusalem bcs of his rivals (despite being one of the first to sign up on Crusade) SO w/ support of other crusaders who also had minimal gains, captured Tortosa in 1102, then advanced on Tripoli (main port for Damascus SO useful/strategic)

Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

What was the development of Tripoli (2)

• R of Toulouse built castle on Mount Pilgrim BUT died in 1105, before Tripoli was fully captured + left disputed succession behind him

• 1109: Tripoli fully taken despite unsuccessful siege by Muslim military leader Toghteki

Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

What was an issue w/ Tripoli?

Divided into separate semi-independent lordships → SO haphazard political structure

Establishment + development of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

What was the establishment of Jerusalem?

(6)

• Captured 1099

• Led by Godfrey of Bouillon

• Daimbert of Pisa wanted to take over after him, + Godfrey agreed bcs he needed military support + Daimbert had a fleet from Pisa

• BUT when Godfrey died (1100) = unclear who heir was

• Daimbert wasn’t in Jerusalem at the time, so Godfrey's supporters sent an urgent message to Baldwin of Edessa, Godfrey's brother, to take over

• Was possibility of civil war, but Daimbert lacked support bcs occupied w/ other issues occurring at the same time elsewhere SO Christmas 1100 Baldwin = king of Jerusalem

Reason of the survival of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

What are the main points for the Military orders in the survival of Outremer?

(6)

1. Outremer = depopulated

2. Military orders increased manpower

3. Hospitallers founded in 1119

4. Hospitaller’s hospital in Jerusalem could take 2,000 people in emergencies

5. Obedience, chastity, poverty

6. Received donations from Europe → brought money into Outremer

Reason of the survival of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

What are the main points for Rulers in the survival of Outremer?

(5)

1. Baldwin I: used western aid to capture territory – eg: Arsuf 1101 – Genoese

2. Outremer = isolated + small

3. Baldwin of Edessa – captured by Muslims in 1104, Tancred ruled until 1105

4. 1116 – Baldwin I dies w/o heir + King’ s of Jerusalem don’t have sons

5. Hugh absent in Edessa in 1144

Reason of the survival of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

What are the main points for castles in the survival of Outremer?

(2)

1. Defensive

2. Administrative

Reason of the survival of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

What are the main points for Muslim disunity in the survival of Outremer?

(1)

1. Shia/Sunni split

Reason of the survival of Outremer (including Jerusalem + Antioch)

What are the main points for alliances in the survival of Outremer?

(2)

1. Western aid

2. Muslim allies

The role of rulers (especially Kings of Jerusalem)

What are the overall strengths of rulers?

(4)

• Increasing territory

• Tactical marriages

• Use of Castles

• Use of Western aid

The role of rulers (especially Kings of Jerusalem)

Overall: example of increasing territory

Baldwin I → Arsuf + Acre ports

The role of rulers (especially Kings of Jerusalem)

Overall: example of tactical marriages

(2)

• Baldwin I’s 3 marriages (attracted settlers + manpower)

• Baldwin II’s daughters (to rulers of Tripoli + Antioch), including b/w Fulk + Melisende → Western aid + unity in Outremer

The role of rulers (especially Kings of Jerusalem)

Overall: example of use of castles

(3)

• Baldwin I: built castle at Montreal (1115) to control trade b/w Egypt + Damascus

• Tancred: took over Kraks des Chevalliers (1110)

• Raymound of Toulouse (Tripoli): built castle on Mount Pilgrim

The role of rulers (especially Kings of Jerusalem)

Overall: example of use of western aid

(3)

• Genoese (Baldwin I)

• Pisans (Godfrey of Bouillon)

• Military orders (Baldwin II)

The role of rulers (especially Kings of Jerusalem)

What are the overall weaknesses of rulers?

• Near constant power struggle/internecine conflict

• Rulers served short periods - eg: Antioch had 7 rulers b/w 1098-1149 → instability

• Bohemund → worsened relations w/ Byzantines

• Succession issues

• Possibly lacked power?

The role of rulers (especially Kings of Jerusalem)

Overall: example of near constant power struggle/internecine conflict

(5)

• Tancred vs Baldwin II over Edessa

• b/w Melisende and Fulk (bcs he insisted he should rule alone, she refused)

• Count Pons of Tripoli had allegiance to the patriarchate of Antioch NOT JERUSALEM bcs of political relations made -> instability

• All of Outremer: inheritance rules largely ignored -> absence/occupation determined ownership (eg: Tancred vs Baldwin II over Edessa)

• ALL MEANT LESS STABLE

The role of rulers (especially Kings of Jerusalem)

Overall: What is an example of succession issues?

Antioch → Baldwin II/Bohemund II/Alice → instability

The role of rulers (especially Kings of Jerusalem)

Overall: Expand on ‘How powerful were the kings?’

• Patronage made over mighty nobles (eg: Hugh of Jaffa)

• Kings had to try keep their power

  • Nobles had to have small pieces non-contiguous land

  • Important holdings remained w/ king (eg: Jaffa)

  • Ownership of land by church/Military Orders = encouraged - provided a counterweight to nobles

  • Under-vassals of lords paid homage to king (prevented them joining their lords in revolts)

The role of rulers

What was the role of Baldwin I of Jerusalem?

How successful was Baldwin I’s as a ruler?

Role:

• Ambitious younger son SO wanted to make an impact

• 3 tactical marriages

• Allowed rules in Outremer them to take revenue from land BUT not own it - SO many rules = loyal to him

• Expanded territory

Success:

• SUCCESSFUL BCS:

  • Captured costal ports → access to trade routes

  • Repelled Fatimid attacks (1105, 1107, 1111) → kept Jerusalem safe

  • Married tactically → attracted settlers → provided manpower

The role of rulers

What examples of territory expansions did Baldwin I of Jerusalem make?

(4)

• 1101: Captured Arsuf port w/ Genoese aid

• 1104: Captured Acre w/ Genoese aid

• 1110: Captured Beirut and Sidon w/ Genoese aid

• 1115: Built castle at Montreal to control trade b/w Egypt + Damascus

The role of rulers

Where did Baldwin II rule before?

How/when did become king of Jerusalem?

Before:

• Ruler of Edessa after cousin Baldwin I went to rule Jerusalem in 1100

How/when he became king of Jerusalem:

• After Baldwin I died in 1118

The role of rulers

What were the role of Baldwin II of Jerusalem’s strengths, and their effects?

1119-20: Helped secure Antioch post B o Field of Blood (defensively + married widows to his own men)

• EFFECT:

  • Strengthened bond b/w Jerusalem + Antioch

1119-20: Wrote Canon 20 at Council of Nabulus (Priests could bear arms)

• EFFECT:

  • SET GROUNDS FOR MILIYTARY AID

  • Strengthened relations w/ Church

1124: Negotiated alliance w/ favourable terms for Jerusalem w/ Venice (W aid) to capture Tyre from Fatimids

• EFFECT:

  • Increased security/aid w/o having to give much in return

Successful military leader → eg: Won battle of Hab (1119)

• EFFECT:

  • Stabilised Antioch bcs Muslims were pushed back + could take castles → SO increased stability for ALL of Outremer

No male heir BUT tactically arranged marriages for his daughters to leaders of Outremer

• EFFECT:

  • INCREASED UNITY

No male heir BUT arranged marriage b/w Fulk of Anjou + Melisande

• EFFECT:

  • Got more western support

The role of rulers

What were the role of Baldwin II of Jerusalem’s weaknesses, and why were they issues?

Despite military strengths NEVER ABLE TO TAKE DAMASCUS

• ISSUES BCS:

  • Strategically important (controlling it would have sig. shifted power balance of near east in favour of Outremer + made easier to defend)

  • The failed attempts damaged relations w/ Damascus → possibly weakened Jerusalem’s defences + increased it’s vulnerability

No male heir

• ISSUE BCS:

  • Could create power vacuum that factionalism would try to exploit → internal conflict

  • More vulnerable to external threats bcs lack of strong male ruler

  • BUT BII dealt w/ it well

The role of rulers

Where did Tancred rule and how long for?

• Regent in Antioch (1100-3)

• Regent in Edessa after Baldwin I of Edessa was captured (1104-5)

• Ruler of Antioch (1105-12)

The role of rulers

What was Tancred role as regent of Antioch (1100-3)?

Expanded territory (eg: Tarsus + Latakia) → allowed for development+ increased Antioch’s power

The role of rulers

What was Tancred role as regent of Edessa (1104-5)?

• Defeated Radwan of Aleppo (1105) → recovered territory east of Orentes river → allowed for development+ increased Edessa’s power

• Was hesitant to give back Edessa

  • Worsened relations w/ Baldwin of Edessa (future BII of Jerusalem)→ 1108: both called on Muslim allies over leadership of Edessa (Baldwin + Mosul vs Tancred + Aleppo) → INSTABILITY + INTERNICINE CONFLICT

The role of rulers

What was Tancred role as ruler of Antioch (1105-12)?

• Refused to honour Bohemund’s agreement for a patriarch → INTERNICEINE CONFLICT

• 1110: Took control of Krak de Chevaliers (later became v important castle defensively for Outremer)

The role of rulers

What was Tancred OVERALL role as a ruler?

Mainly good → increased territory

BUT also major contributor to internecine conflict (when died in 1112 improved relations in Outremer)

The role of rulers

Roger of Salerno (regent in Antioch 1112-9)

• Tried to take advantage of deaths of other rulers in near East (Aleppo: Radwan died 1113, Byzantine: Alexios died 1118) → distracted by their internal issues:

  • Captured Aleppo’s satellite castes (eg: Azaz) → gave fortifications on Antioch’s N + W surrounding areas

• 1114: earthquake destroyed many of Antioch’s fortifications → took great care to rebuild them (esp near borders bcs was in near constant wars w/ neighbouring Muslim States)

• 1114: fought ALONGSIDE Damascus + prevented the Seljuk attempt to regain Syria

• 1119: Died in the Battle of the Field of Blood → HE INITIATED + Baldwin II had to arrive w/ more troops

  • SO Antioch = safe

  • BUT showed instability/overambition of his rule + was blow to Outremer bcs ~3,700 men died - almost all of Antioch’s forces

• OVERALL ROLE: successful in increasing territory/fortifications BUT overambitious

The role of rulers

Bohemund II (of Antioch)/succession issues:

• Appointed Ruler 1119, but too young to rule → Baldwin II ruled as regent until 1126

• Died in Battle (1130) → Alice (daughter of Baldwin II) became regent

• OVERALL ROLE: succession issues = instability + a woman regent = couldn’t go into battle → MORE INSTABILITY

The role of rulers

Who were the rulers of Jerusalem? (10)

1. 1099-1100 Godfrey of Bouillon

2. 1100-18 Baldwin I

3. 1118-31 Baldwin II (BI’s cousin)

4. 1131-43 Fulk of Anjou (bcs married BII’s daughter Melisende)

5. 1143-63 Baldwin III (Melisende’s son -> civil war)

6. 1163-74 Amalric I (Baldwin III’s brother (bcs had no kids))

7. 1174-85 Baldwin IV (a leper)

8. 1185-6 Baldwin V

9. 1186-92 Guy de Lusignan with his wife, Sibylla, daughter of Amalric I

10. 1192-1205 Isabella with Conrad I 1192, Henry 1192-7 and Aimery 1197-1205

The role of rulers

Who were the rulers of Jerusalem?

1. 1099-1100 Godfrey of Bouillon

2. 1100-18 Baldwin I

3. 1118-31 Baldwin II (BI’s cousin)

4. 1131-43 Fulk of Anjou (bcs married BII’s daughter Melisende)

5. 1143-63 Baldwin III (Melisende’s son -> civil war)

6. 1163-74 Amalric I (Baldwin III’s brother (bcs had no kids))

7. 1174-85 Baldwin IV (a leper)

8. 1185-6 Baldwin V

9. 1186-92 Guy de Lusignan with his wife, Sibylla, daughter of Amalric I

10. 1192-1205 Isabella with Conrad I 1192, Henry 1192-7 and Aimery 1197-1205