Cell Bio one

what do all living things do

Metabolism

maintian homeostasis

grow

reproduce

respond to enviroment

cells were first described by

Robert Hooke in 1665

Cell theory

1839 by shleiden and schwan proposed that all living things are composed of cells and that cells are the basic unit of life.

electronegativity increases

left to right, elements on the left loose electron

backbone of amino acid

O

C

H

N

Ca

P

covenant bonds are

stronger

Ionic bonds are weaker in water because

they are polar

how many electrons does carbon have

4

we are _____ based life forms

carbon

carbon can form

length, branching, double bonds, rings

two types of colvalent bonds are

non polar and polar

non polar covalent bonds

atoms have equal electronegtavity so they share electrons equally

polar covalent bonds

electronegativity is not equal so one atom pulls electrons close to itself

most cells are % of water

70-95

Chemical group Hydroxyl

-OH

Chemical group Carbonyl

-C=O-H

Chemical group Corboxyl

-C=O-OH

Chemical Group Amino

-N-H-H

chemical group Sulfhydryl

-SH

chemical group phosphate

O-P-O-O=O

Prokaryote

3.5 billion years ago

Eukaryote

1.8 billion years ago

demonstrating spontaneous formation of organic compounds in primitive earth conditions

Stanley Miller 1953

Polysaccharides + oligosacchrides

Sugars

fats and membrane lipids

Fatty acids

Proteins

amino acids

nucleic acids

nucleotides

Monosaccarides have a genral formula of

CH2O

ribose and deoxyribose has ____ carbons

5

glucose has _____ carbons

6

carbohydrates are a linear structure but in water, most sugar monomers form ___

rings

Isomers

have the same chemical formula but differ in the arangments of atoms.

humans can make a digest

glycogen

organism that can make glycogen and amylose

red algea

joining macromolecues

use energy

disconnecting macromolecues

release energy

fatty acid tail formation

CH2 all the way down

ester linkage is a ____ reaction

condensation

at room temp, molecules of a saturated fat

are packed closely forming a solid.

at room temp, the molecues of a unsaturated fat

cannot pack together closely enough to solidify because of kinks in their fatty acid tails

decasahexaenoic acid

22 carbons, 6 double bonds

cholesterol is a

steroid

phosphate is a

5’

nomenclature bases

adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, thymine

single ring bases

Uracil, cytosin, thymine

double ring bases

adenine, guanine

base is attached to the

Carbon atom

types of protein

enzymatic, structural, storage, transport, hormonal, receptor, defensive

all amino acids have a central_______ to an amino acid group a carboxyl group and one hydrogen

carbon bond

the fourh posion of a central carbon is the

R group (side chain)

is all amino acids can be in a polypeptide, the number od possible protiends is

20n (n = number of amino acids in the polypeptide)

aspartic acid

asp or D

Glutamic acid

Glu or E

basic has a ____ charge

negative

acidic has a ___ charge

positive

acids

relase protons (H) when dissolved in water. the H ions can associate with water to form hydronium.

acids increase the

H+ concentration

Bases (alkeline)

accept protons(H) when dissolved in water

bases reduce

H+ concetration by combining or producing hydroxyl ions that combine with H ion to form water

the acididty of a solution is defined by the

concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+)

levels of protein organization

primary stucture

secondary structure

teriary structure

quaternary structure

domain

primary structure

the animo acid sequence

secondary structure

regular folding patterns involving mostly bonds with backbone of polypeptides

polar amino acids are problematic in

alpha helices

reduced state in cell is more

unlikey because cells have a lot of reudcing properties