BIO 101 final

Prokaryotic

NO nucleus; Bacteria + Archea cells

Eukaryotic

HAS Nucleus; Animal, Plant, Fungi, and Protist cells

Organization of LIFE

Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissue, Organelles, Organ System, Population, Communities, Ecosystem, Biosphere

What do all cells contain?

DNA

What are all living things made up of?

Cells

Emergent properties

New abilities that show up as parts work together

Autotrophs

Producers; make their own food (ex: plants)

Heterotrophs

Consumers+Decomposers; eat others for energy (ex: humans, animals, fungi)

Homeostasis

Keeps body conditions stable (body temp, blood pressure)

3 Domains of Life

Archea Bacteria Eukarya

Domain Eukarya (4 kingdoms)

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

Taxonomy Order

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

elements

Pure elements; pure forms of MATTER

Bulk elements

elements required for life (HCON)

Protons

Positive charge and in nucleus

Neutrons

Neutral charge and in nucleus

Electrons

Negative charge, orbits nucleus, balances positive charge, and tiny!

Nucleus

Center of the atom, holds protons and nucleus

Atomic number

number of protons

What defines an element on the periodic table?

Protons; if proton number changes the element changes

Atomic mass

How many protons and neutrons in an element

Isotopes

Elements with an uneven number of protons and neutrons

Compound

Molecules made up of atoms of different elements bonded together (ex: H20 made up of 2 Hydrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom. H20 is the compound!)

Valence shell

Most outer shell

Ionic bond

Happens when electrons are shared between atoms

Ions

a type of atom/molecule that is charged

Cation

Is positive because it loses an electron

Anion

Negative because it gains an electron

Covalent bonds

atoms that share electrons

Nonpolar bonds

electrons shared equally

Polar bonds

Unequal sharing of electrons, causes partial charges (strong)

Hydrogen bonds

strong in groups weak alone, form between polar molecules

Cohesion

water sticking to itself

adhesion

water sticking to other things

Solvent

Liquid that dissolves a substace

Solute

the substance getting mixed

Inner shell (first)

2 max electrons

2nd Shell

8 max electrons

3rd shell

8 max electrons

Is oxygen stable or reactive

Oxygen is highly reactive because it is very electronegative

base

above ph 7

Chemical reaction that forms large polymers

Dehydration synthesis (H20 is removed when two glucose molecules form)

Cell Theory

All living things are made up of cells, cells basic unit of life, cells come form preexisting cells

All /most cells have

DNA, RNA, ribosomes, proteins, cytoplasm, cell membrane

Cell membrane function

flexible, and controls the entry and exit

Cell wall function

stiff, protects and supports

Phospholipids

Makes up the cell membrane; lipids that’re both hydrophobic (tail) and hydrophilic (head)

What’s an organelle that’s present in both prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Ribosome

Chemical reaction that forms LARGE polymers

Dehydration Synthesis (removes water)

Monomers of polypeptides/proteins

Amino Acids

4 levels of protien folding

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Primary structure

Sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain, held together by peptide bonds

Secondary structure

Folding of the chain into patterns like alpha helices (coils) or beta pleated sheets

Tertiary Structure

Complete 3D shape of the polypeptide

Quaternary Structure

Structure formed when two or more polypeptide chains come together to make ta fully functional protein

Lipids that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic and form the cell membrane

Phospholipids

Carbohydrate used to stored energy in animals

glycogen

Carbohydrate used to store energy in plants

starch

3 small pieces present in each nucleotide

1 nitrogen base, 1 phosphate, 1 sugar

Triglycerides

type of lipid/fat; made up of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Carbohydrate present in a cell wall (plant)

cellulose

Monomers of nucleic acids

nucleotides

Amino acids are joined by

peptide bonds

Which macromolucule is not a polymer

lipids; fats (triglycerides), oils, phospholipids, steroids

What is starch a polymer of

Glucose

Some carbohydrates are

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

Glucose, fructose, and ribose are all

Monosaccharides (simplest carbohydrates)

What are some hydrophobic lipids

Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids, Waxes (LIPIDS ARE MOSTLY HYDROPHOBIC)

3 common components of amino acids

Amine, carboxyl, and hydrogen

Monomer of a carbohydrate

Monosacchrides

Site of photosynthesis

chloroplasts (use sunlight to make sugars)

Cell membrane is made up of

proteins and phospholipds

lysosomes and peroxisomes

hold strong enzymes and digest molecules

Protiens present in cillia and flagella which allows cells to swim

Microtubles

3 structures present in plant cells but not in animal cells

vacuoles, cell wall, chloroplasts

Proteins secreted from eukaryotic cells in this order

ribosomes, rough ER, vesticles, golgi body, vesticles

Organelles without a membrane

ribosomes, chromosomes, centrioles, cytoskeletons

Microfilaments

cause skeletal muscles to contract

Plasmodesma

channels between neighboring plant cells allows cytoplasm to flow between cells

First Law of Therodynamics

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

Second law of Therodynamics

Energy changes, increase disorder (enthropy) in the universe

anabolism

builds molecules (requires energy)

catabolism

breaks molecules (releases energy)

Osmosis

water moves from high to low concentration to high concentration water across a membrane

The one solute that crosses the cell membrane using simple diffusion

carbon dioxide

kinetic energy

needed to start a chemical reaction; energy of motion

Hypertonic

water moves outside the cell (cell shrinks:crenate); more solute outside the cell

Hypotonic

water moves into the cell (cell swells, may burst: lyse); less solute outside the cell

Competitive inhibitors

blocks substrate from binding; binds in the active site

Non-competitve inhibitors

changes enzyme shape, alters active site

NA-K Pump/ Sodium Potassium pump

Moves 3 NA+ out and 2K+ in (uses ATP)

Simple diffusion

Small, nonpolar molecules that pass directly through the cell membrane

Facilitated diffusion

Large(fat) molecules get moved down the concentration gradient

Three phases present in Interphase

G1, G2, S(ynthesis/making proteins)

Prophase

Miotic spindle begins to form

Prometaphase

Spindle fibers attatch to the centromeres, nuclear envelope starts to break down

Meiosis produces

4 genetically different daughter cells

Miotic spindle

helps separate the chromosome so each new cell gets the right numbers