Studied by 2 people
Gravitational Force
Electromagnetic Force
Nuclear Forces
Types of Forces
Gravitational Force
The force of attraction between two masses
Electromagnetic Force
The force between charged particles
Nuclear Forces
Forces that act within the nucleus of an atom.
Strong Nuclear Force
The force that holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus
Strong Nuclear Force, Weak Nuclear Force
Types of Nuclear Forces
Weak Nuclear Force
Responsible for radioactive decay processes.
Contact Forces
Forces that occur when objects are physically touching
Friction, Tension, Normal Force
Contact Forces
Friction
The force that opposes the motion of objects in contact
Tension
The force transmitted through a string, rope, or wire when it is pulled tight
Normal Force
The support force exerted upon an object in contact with another stable object
Non-Contact Forces
Forces that act over a distance without physical contact
Gravitational Force, Magnetic Force, Electrostatic Force
Non-Contact Forces
Magnetic Force
Attraction or repulsion between magnetic poles
Electrostatic Force
Attraction or repulsion between charged particles.
Atomic and Subatomic Interactions
Biological Interactions at the Cellular Level
Small-Scale Interactions
Atomic Structure
Intermolecular Forces
Chemical Bonds
Atomic and Subatomic Interactions
Atomic Structure
Atoms consist of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons.
Electron Clouds: Regions where electrons are likely to be found.
Example: Hydrogen atom, with one proton and one electron.
Intermolecular Forces
Forces between molecules
Chemical Bonds
Forces holding atoms together in molecules.
Van der Waals Forces, Dipole-Dipole Interactions, Hydrogen Bonds
Intermolecular Forces
Van der Waals Forces
Weak attractions between molecules
Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Attraction between polar molecules
Hydrogen Bonds
Strong dipole-dipole interactions involving hydrogen
Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds, Metallic Bonds
Chemical Bonds types
Ionic Bonds
Transfer of electrons from one atom to another
Covalent Bonds
Sharing of electrons between atoms
Metallic Bonds
Electrons are shared in a 'sea' of electrons around metal atoms
Cell Membrane Interactions
How substances move in and out of cells
Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport
Cell Membrane Interactions types
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
Active Transport
Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient using energy
Cell Communication
How cells interact and communicate
Signal Transduction,
Cell Communication types
Signal Transduction
Process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell.
Enzyme Activity
How enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions
Enzyme-Substrate Interaction
Lock and Key Model
Induced Fit Model
Enzyme Activity types
Enzyme-Substrate Interaction
The specific binding of an enzyme to its substrate
Lock and Key Model
The enzyme’s active site is a perfect fit for the substrate
Induced Fit Model
The enzyme changes shape slightly to accommodate the substrate.
Gravitational Interactions in Astronomy
Electromagnetic Interactions
Biological Interactions in Ecosystems
Large-Scale Interactions
Planetary Orbits, Tidal Forces, Black Holes
Gravitational Interactions in Astronomy
Planetary Orbits
How planets orbit stars due to gravitational forces
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
First Law: Planets orbit in ellipses with the Sun at one focus.
Second Law: A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.
Third Law: The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.
Tidal Forces
The gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on Earth’s oceans
Spring Tides, Neap Tides
Tidal Forces types
Spring Tides
Higher tides when the Earth, moon, and sun are aligned
Neap Tides
Lower tides when the Earth, moon, and sun form a right angle
Black Holes
Regions of space where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape
Formation
Result from the collapse of massive stars
Event Horizon
The boundary beyond which nothing can escape
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Light and Optics
Electricity and Magnetism
Electromagnetic Interactions
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Range of all types of electromagnetic radiation.
Light and Optics
How light interacts with different media
Electricity and Magnetism
Interaction between electric currents and magnetic fields
Radio Waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible Light, Ultraviolet, X-Rays, Gamma Rays
types of electromagnetic radiation
Radio Waves
Used in communication
Microwaves
Used in cooking and satellite transmissions
Infrared
Heat radiation
Visible Light
The light we can see
Ultraviolet
Can cause sunburn
X-Rays
Used in medical imaging
Gamma Rays
High energy radiation from radioactive decay
Reflection
Bouncing of light off a surface
Refraction
Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.
Diffraction
Spreading of light waves around obstacles
Interference
When two waves overlap and combine
Electromagnetic Induction
Generating an electric current by changing a magnetic field
Faraday's Law
The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit
Food Chains and Webs, Symbiotic Relationships, Population Dynamics, Ecological Succession
Biological Interactions in Ecosystems
Food Chains and Webs
How energy and nutrients flow through an ecosystem
Symbiotic Relationships
Interactions between different species
Population Dynamics
Changes in population sizes and composition over time
Ecological Succession
The process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time
Producers
Organisms that produce their own food (e.g., plants).
Consumers
Organisms that consume other organisms for energy
Decomposers
Organisms that break down dead material for energy
Mutualism
Both species benefit
Commensalism
One species benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed
Parasitism
One species benefits at the expense of the other.
Carrying Capacity
The maximum population size that an environment can support
Factors Affecting Populations
Birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration
Primary Succession
Occurs in lifeless areas where there is no soil.
Secondary Succession
Occurs in areas where a community has been disturbed but soil remains
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