BIOLOGY FINAL

Characteristics to all living things

Cells, metabolism, homeostasis, growth and development, reproduction, response to stimuli, evolution and adaptation, genetic material

Steps of the scientific method

Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experiment, Results/Analysis, Conclusion

What are hypotheses and predictions

Testable explanation and what you expect to happen if the hypothesis is correct

Hypotheses vs theories

Educated guess vs Well tested supported by evidence

What are elements

Substance made of only one type of atom

What is an atom and its structure

Smallest unit of matter containing protons, neutrons, and electrons

What are ions

Atom with a charge

What are cations

Positive ion, lost electrons

What are anions

Negative ion, gained electrons

What is oxidation and reduction

OIL RIG losing and gaining

Ionic bonds vs Covalent bonds

Electrons transferred forms ions, Electrons shared forms molecules

Polar vs Nonpolar molecules

Unequal sharing (partial changes) Equal sharing (no charge separation)

What are hydrogen bonds

Weak attractions between partial charges

Important properties of water

Cohesion and adhesion, high specific heat, ice less dense than liquid water, universal solvent, all critical to supporting life and temperature stability

4 types of macromolecules

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids

Main functions of carbohydrates

Energy, energy storage, structure

Main functions of lipids

Long term energy storage, cell membranes, hormones, insulation and protection

Functions of proteins

Enzymes, transport, structure, movement, defense, hormones

Functions of nucleic acids

Store genetic info, carry genetic info or assist in protein synthesis, energy currency

How did the atmosphere of early earth differ from the current atmosphere

little or no oxygen, rich in co2, methane, ammonia, water vapor

First fossil signs of life on earth

Prokaryotic stromatolites 3.5 billion years old

Main features of prokaryotic cells

No nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, circular DNA, cell wall, small and simple

Prokaryotic cells vs Eukaryotic cells

No nucleus, no organelles, smaller

Nucleus, organelles, larger

What are ribosomes and their function

Make proteins, site of protein synthesis

What are mitochondria and its function

Produce ATP through cellular respiration

What are chloroplasts and their function

Photosynthesis, make glucose and oxygen from sunlight, co2 and water

What are the components of the cell membrane

Phospholipid bilayer, Proteins, Cholesterol, Carbohydrates

Diffusion vs Osmosis

Movement from high to low concentration

Diffusion of water across a membrane

Passive transport vs Active transport

No energy, down concentration gradient

Uses ATP, moves against gradient

First law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted

Function of an enzyme and how does it affect a chemical reaction

Lowers activation energy, speeds up reactions

Endergonic vs Exergonic reactions

Requires energy

Releases energy

Metabolism

All chemical reactions inside an organism

What is glycolysis, where does this take place, what are the end products

Cytoplasm, 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate

What is Krebs cycle, where does it take place, what are the end products

Mitochondrial matrix, 2 ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2

What happens when oxygen is present in the ETC

Produces most ATP (28-34)

What happens when oxygen is absent (anaerobic/fermentation)

Produces lactic acid or ethanol + CO2, only 2 ATP

What is ETC, where does it take place, end products

Mitochondrial inner membrane, requires oxygen, produces ATP

Photosynthesis

Using sunlight to make glucose and O2 from CO2 and H2O

What is a photosystem and where is it located

Protein chlorophyll complexes in the thylakoid membrane

In photosynthesis what products are made in the light dependent reactions

ATP, NADPH, O2

What products are made in the Calvin cycle

Glucose (G3P)

What is DNA and how is it arranged

Double helix, made of nucleotides

Which bases are complementary in DNA and how many bonds are between them

A-T (2 h bonds), C-G (3 h bonds)

What is a nucleotide

Phosphate + Sugar + Nitrogen Base

What is replication

DNA makes an identical copy of itself

What is transcription

DNA→ mRNA

What is translation

mRNA→ protein

What is mitosis and what is the final product

Cell division producing 2 identical diploid cells

What are the phases of the cell cycle in order

G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

What is cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm into two daughter cells

What is the product of meiosis

4 genetically different haploid cells

Phenotype vs Genotype

Physical expression

Genetic makeup

What is an allele

Version of a gene

Homozygous vs Heterozygous

Some alleles (AA, aa)

Different alleles (Aa)

What is the power of a Punnett square

Predicts the probability of offspring genotypes and phenotypes

What is a population

Group of the same species living in an area that breed

What is the gene pool

All alleles in a population

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium conditions

No mutation, No migration, Random mating, large population, No natural selection

What is evolution

Change in allele frequencies over time

5 agents of evolutionary change

Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection, non-random mating

What is an adaptation

A trait that increases fitness

What are some examples of adaptations

Camouflage, Long neck of giraffes

What is fitness

Reproductive success, how well genes are passed on

Survival of the fittest

having the most successful traits to best survive in their environment

What is a species according to biological species concept

groups that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

What are reproductive isolation mechanisms

Prezygotic- habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic

Postzygotic- hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility

Advantages to bipedalism

Better view, hands free, energy efficient, thermoregulation

Examples of extinct human species

Homo neanderthalensis, Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo floresiensis

Three species of modern humans

Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens idaltu, Homo sapiens neanderthalensis

How did brain size change throughout human evolution

it has increased