AP Euro Unit 2 Age of Reformation

Indulgences

sold throughout by the Catholic church to grant oneself forgiveness for sins or to gain forgiveness for someone who had died

Reformation

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch

Diet of Worms

deliberative assembly called by Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire in order to figure out what they would do with Martin Luther

John Calvin

leading French Protestant Reformer and very important to the second generation of the Christian Reformation. He deeply influenced Protestantism elsewhere in Europe and in North America

Predestination

belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power.

Hueguenots

French Calvinists.

Catherine de’ Medici

queen regent for son Charles IX. Tried to reconcile Protestants and Catholics, worked with both sides. Actions led to St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

War of the Three Henrys

A religious war between Henry III, Henry of Navarre, and Henry of Guise (Catholic vs Protestant vs Ultra Catholic). Henry of Guise tried to take Paris but was assassinated by HIII. HIII and Henry of Navarre worked together to retake Paris, when HIII was killed by a monk.

St. Batholomew’s Day Massacre

a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots.

Henry IV

became the first Bourbon king of France after his marriage to Margaret of Valois. Was a Protestant who converted to Catholicism to secure his title during a period of religious strife between Catholics and Protestants.

Edict of Nantes

gave French Protestants (Huguenots) many rights in French society, despite the nation's majority Catholic population

Charles V

ruler of both the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and the Spanish Empire (as Charles I of Spain) from 1516, as well as of the lands of the former Duchy of Burgundy from 1506.

Thirty Years War

series of wars (1618–48), in central Europe, initially involving a conflict between German Protestants and Catholics and later including political rivalries with France, Sweden, and Denmark opposing the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.

Peace of Westphalia

developed Westphalian sovereignty, meaning that each state had sovereignty over itself concerning religion

Catholic Reformation

a movement within the Catholic Church to reform and respond to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation

Council of Trent

general council called by Pope Paul III which met in 1545-1564 which was meant to reform church and reconcile with Protestants. It laid a solid basis for spiritual renewal of Church and reaffirmed 7 sacraments. Suppressed pluralism, simony, and ended the selling of indulgences.

Ignatious Loyola

Spaniard and Roman Catholic theologian and founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Jesuits

a member of the Roman Catholic Society of Jesus founded by St. Ignatius Loyola in 1534 and devoted to missionary and educational work

Primogeniture

the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn legitimate child to inherit the parent's entire or main estate in preference to shared inheritance among all or some children, any illegitimate child or any collateral relative.

Charivari

Degrading public rituals used by village communities to police personal behavior and maintain moral standards.

Maleficium

Harmful magic that caused many people their deaths in the witch hunts.

Mannerism

a reaction to the harmony and order of the High Renaissance and was seen as a more intellectual, sophisticated and self-aware style.

Baroque

a style of art and architecture that emerged in the late 16th century and lasted until the late 17th century. It is characterized by ornate decoration, dramatic contrasts of light and shadow, and a sense of movement and dynamism

Peter Paul Rubens

was known for his works in the Baroque movement, and was important in spreading the ideas from Italy to the rest of Europe. He used bodies in violent motion, many times nude, to express intense emotions. One of his famous works was The Landing of Marie de' Medici at Marseilles.