HIST 270 EXAM II

Articles of Confederation

It was America's first governing document required a unanimous vote to pass legislation.

Alexander Hamilton

of New York — demanded a strong central government to protect the republic from democracy / founding father / first U.S secretary of treasury

Anti-federalists

Opponents of ratification of the constitution. They feared that a powerful and distant central government would be out of touch with the needs of citizens. They also complained that it failed to guarantee individual liberties in a bill of rights. 

Abolition

The movement to make slavery and the slave trade illegal. Begun by Quakers in England in the 1780s. 

Alien Act

authorized the deportation of foreigners 

Adams-Onis Treaty

An 1819 treaty in which John Quincy Adams persuaded Spain to cede the Florida territory to the United States. In return, the American government accepted Spain’s claim to Texas and agreed to a compromise on the western boundary for the state of Louisiana.  

Boston Tea Party

was an incident where Patriots led by Samuel Adams dressed up as Native Americans and flung £10,000 worth of the East India Company’s property into the sea.

Bicameral

2 chambers

Boston Massacre

In March 1770, a deadly outbreak of violence known as became the subject of a famous engraving issued by a silversmith named Paul Revere.

Bill of Rights

This is the name of the first ten amendments to the Constitution.

Bunker Hill

The British learned not to make frontal assaults on entrenched American positions at this battle.

Common Sense

1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Cotton Gin

A machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to remove seeds from short-staple cotton.

Charles Townshend

______ was Chancellor of the Exchequer and became the acting Prime Minister when William Pitt suffered a stroke in 1767

Committees of Correspondence

were set up to allow colonial leaders to communicate after the British threatened to seize the Americans responsible for burning the Gaspée and prosecute them in Britain.

Daughters of Liberty

were groups of colonial women whose production of homespun textiles and other goods that replaced British imports became indispensable to the non-importation movements.

Declaration of independence

A document containing philosophical principles and a list of grievances that declared separation from Britain. Adopted by the second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, it ended a period of intense debate with moderates still hoping to reconcile with Britain.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Safeguarded the property rights of chartered corporations

Ethiopian Regiment

was a military force created by Virginia’s royal governor, Lord Dunmore, in November 1775 that enlisted one thousand slaves who had fled their Patriot owners.

Eli Whitney

He devised a machine that could quickly separate the seeds from delicate fibers, an innovation that increased the speed processing fiftyfold.

Emancipation

the fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberation.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail. 

Federalists

central Supporters of the constitution of 1787, which created a strong central government; their opponents, the antifederalists, feared that a strong central government would corrupt the nation's newly won liberty

Fallen Timbers

At this battle the United States army under General Mad Anthony Wayne defeated the Western Confederacy of Native Americans under Little Turtle.

Fletcher v. Peck

Made contracts inviolate and protected contractual property rights

George Washington

Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States. / The Second Continental Congress chose as commander of the Continental Army.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Gives the national government jurisdiction over interstate commerce

George Grenville

was the British Prime Minister whose administration passed the Stamp and sugar Act.

Gang labor system

This was a system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.

Hartford Convention

This 1814 meeting proposed constitutional amendments that included super majorities for declaring war and admitting new states as well as a one-term limit on the presidency.

John Wilkes

He is the first elected member of parliament. He fought for the right of representation by the current population and reform. / radical whig, demanded greater representation / condemened rotten boroughs

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

Lexington and Concord

The American Revolution began here.

Lewis and Clark

Commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition traveled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 purchase of French territory west of the Mississippi river that stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and nearly doubled the size of the United States. The purchase required president Thomas Jefferson to exercise powers not explicitly granted to him by the constitution. 

Little Turtle

Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace

Manumission

A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Prevented states from taxing the 1st BUS & reasserted federal supremacy-

Marbury v.Madison

Voided part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 and established the important legal principal of judicial review.

Minutemen

were volunteers who formed the core of the citizens' army that met British troops at Lexington and Concord in April 1775.

Non-importation/boycotts

The effort to protest parliamentary legislation by boycotting British goods. This occurred in 1766, in response to the Stamp Act; in 1768, after the Townshend duties; and in 1774, after the Coercive Acts. / Colonial radicals pressured merchants to stop importing British goods. If colonists did not buy British consumer goods they avoided the tax.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government

Naturalization Act

lengthened the residency requirement for American citizenship from five to fourteen years

Northwest ordinance

It established a process by which settled territories would become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. It also banned slavery there

Pontiac’s Rebellion

The native American uprising that occurred in 1763 and forced the British to establish the Proclamation Line that enraged colonial Americans

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Popular Sovereignty

is the Enlightenment idea that the ultimate power of government resides with the governed, and that all government requires the consent of the governed for legitimacy.

Philipsburg Proclamation

This 1779 announcement declared that any slave who deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom, and land from Great Britain.

Rotten Boroughs

John Wilkes called for the elimination of these tiny electoral districts for Parliament whose voters were controlled by wealthy aristocrats or merchants.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and republican virtue in their sons and husbands and mold them into exemplary citizens.

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Richard Allen

An African-American preacher who helped start the Free African Society and the African Methodist Episcopal Church

Restraining Act

In this act, Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend suspended the New York Assembly for failing to comply with the Quartering Act

Sugar Act

British law that lowered the duty on French molasses and raised penalties for smuggling. New England merchants opposed both the tax and the provision that they would be tried in a vice-admiralty court.

Stamp Act

British law imposing a tax on all paper used in the colonies. Widespread resistance to the ____ prevented it from taking effect and led to its repeal in 1766.

Sons of Liberty

were colonists who banded together to protest the Stamp Act and other imperial reforms of the 1760s. The group originated in Boston in 1765 but soon spread to all the colonies.

Shay’s Rebellion

was a 1786-1787 uprising led by dissident farmers in western Massachusetts, many of them Revolutionary War veterans, protesting the taxation policies of the eastern elites who controlled the state's government.

Sedition Act

This legislation prohibited the publication of malicious attacks on the government.

Saratoga

This battle convinced the French to join the American colonies in a alliance against Great Britain.

Townshend Act

The ____imposed a small revenue tax on British consumer goods exported to the colonies. British exporters paid the taxes in Britain so the colonists only saw them added into the price of goods.

Thomas Paine

Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. / was the author of the influential pamphlet "Common Sense"

Thomas Jefferson

This Virginian was credited with writing the Declaration of Independence

Treaty of Greenville

A 1795 treaty between the United States and various Indian tribes in Ohio. American negotiators acknowledged Indian ownership of the land, and, in return for various payments, the Western Confederacy ceded most of Ohio to the United States.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Tenskwatawa

"The Prophet"; worked alongside his brother, ____, to develop an Indian confederacy; he attacked Harrison's army at the Battle of Tippecanoe; the Shawnee's were routed, their settlement burned, and he was discredited.

Tippecanoe

At this battle William Henry Harrison defeated an Indian confederacy formed by Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh and opened most of Indiana to American settlement.

Tea Act

British act that lowered the existing tax on __ and granted exemptions to the East India Company to make their tea cheaper in the colonies and entice boycotting Americans to buy it.

Trenton and Princeton

Washington won these victories after crossing the Delaware River and saved the Revolution.

Unicameral

1 chamber

Vice- Admiralty Courts

These legal institutions had jurisdiction over colonists suspected of smuggling goods in violation of the Navigation Acts and presumed those accused were guilty.

Virtual Representation

Was the term for Parliament’s claim that even though America elected no Members of parliment their interests were adequately represented by MP’s elected by the merchants who traded with the colonies.

Valley Forge

This was a military camp where George Washington's army of 12,000 soldiers and hundreds of camp followers suffered horribly in the winter of 1777-1778.

Whiskey Rebellion

It began when farmers in Pennsylvania refused to pay Hamilton’s new excise tax and ended when George Washington led troops to the area and restored order.

Waltham System

This was a labor system that recruited young girls from farm families to work in factories while they lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews under constant supervision.

Western Confederacy

the group of Indian tribes that joined together to defend their lands (NWT) included shawnee, Miami, and Potawatomi tribes, ultimately defeated by Harrison at the battle of Tippecanoe

William Henry Harrison

was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. / President Jefferson appointed his “hammer,” _______, as governor of Indiana Territory to deal with the Shawnee Indians led by the warrior chief Tecumseh and his sachem brother Tenskwatawa

XYZ Affair

This was an incident where the French foreign minister Talleyrand solicited a loan and bribe from American diplomats in return for a halt of French attacks on American shipping.

Yorktown

The was the last major battle of the American Revolution

George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison

Prepare to list presidents in chronological order from Washington through Madison

steamboat, railroad, canals

What are the 3 innovation transportation

Bill of Rights

What are the first 10 amendments?

emancipation, manumission, abolition 

What are the 3 legal ways to free a slave

True

True or false: New York city was a full of traitors and loyalists during the American Revolution

New Jersey Plan

Called for a unicameral legislature with equal representation

Virginia Plan

Called for a bicameral legislature with proportional representation

Great Compromise

Called for a bicameral legislature with equal representation in one chamber and proportional in the other

Judicial review

Marbury v. Madison

Supremacy clause

Mcculloch v. Maryland

Commerce clause

Gibbons v. Ogden

Right of contract

Fletcher v. Peck 

Right of charter

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Oliver Evans

Water driven flour mill

Cyrus McCormick

Farm Repaer

Samuel Colt

Six-shot revolver

Eli Whitney

Who created Interchangeable parts

Richard Garsed

Power looms

John Deere

Steel plow

Samuel L. Collins

Die cutters

Robert Fulton

Steamboat

sailing ships

All of the following were crucial transportation innovations in the Early Republic EXCEPT

steamboats, canals, railroads, sailing ships