HUGS Unit 6

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127 Terms

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ecumene

a variety of community types with a range of population densities

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rural

farms and villages

low concentrations of people

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urban

cities

high concentrations of people

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suburbs

primarily residential areas near cities

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settlement

a place with a permanent human population

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urbanization

an ongoing process that does not end once a city Is formed

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percent urban

an indicator of the proportion of the population that lives in cities and towns as compared to those that live in rural areas

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site

describes the characteristics at the immediate location

EX: physical features, climate, labor force

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situation

refers to the location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places

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city-state

consists of an urban center/city and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages

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urban hearth

areas generally associated with defensible sites and river valleys in which seasonal floods and fertile soils allowed for an agricultural surplus

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urban area

is usually defined as a central city plus land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes, and includes the surrounding suburbs

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city

a higher-density area with territory inside officially recognized political boundaries

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metropolitan area

metro area

a collection of adjacent cities economically connected across which population density is high and continuous

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metropolitan statistical area

another way to define a city

consists of a city of at least 50,000 people

surrounds places with high social and economic integration, and connection

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micropolitan statistical area

cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants but less than 50,000

surrounds countries with high degree of integration

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nodal region

a focal point in a matrix of connections

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social heterogeneity

groups where members have diverse characteristics such as differing races, religions, languages or socioeconomic statuses.

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time-space compression

how transportation improvements has led urban growth

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Borchert’s transportation model

describes the urban growth based on transportation technology

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pedestrian cities

cities shaped by the distances people could walk

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streetcar suburbs

communities that grew up along rail lines

often creates a pinwheel shaped city

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suburbanization

involves the process of people moving usually from cities to residential areas on the outskirts of cities

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sprawl

the rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city and occurs for numerous reasons such as growth of suburbs or lower land costs compared to inner cities

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leapfrog development

where developers purchase land and build communities beyond the periphery of the city’s built area

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boomburbs

rapidly growing communities that have a total population of over 100,000 people and aren’t the largest city in the metro area

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edge cities

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities

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counter-urbanization/deurbanization

the counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities

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exurbs

the prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs

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reurbanization

when some suburbanites return to live in the city

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megacities

have a population of more than 10 million people

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metacities

hypercities

continuous urban areas with pops greater than 20 million and attributes of a network of urban areas that have grown together

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megalopolis

describes a chain of connected cities

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conurbation

an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities

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world cities/global cities

cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries

EX: New York, London, Paris, Tokyo

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urban hierarchy

a ranking based on influence or population size

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nodal cities

command centers on a regional and occasionally national level

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urban system

an interdependent set of cities that interact on the regional, national, and global scale

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rank-size rule

describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region may develop

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high-order services

usually expensive

need a large number of people to support

only occasionally utilized

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Lower-order services

usually less expensive than higher-order services and require a small population to support

used on daily or weekly basis

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primate city

the largest city in an urban system that’s twice as large as the next largest city

more developed that other cities in the area

EX: London and Mexico city

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gravity model

the larger and closer places are to each other they will have more interactions than places smaller and farther from each other

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central place theory

explains the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region by using consumer behavior to explain the distribution of settlements

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central place

a location where people go to receive goods and services

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market area

a zone that contains people who will purchase goods or services and surrounds a central place

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hexagonal hinterlands

a market area in the shape of a hexagon that allowed for central places of different sizes to distribute themselves in a clean pattern across the region

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threshold

the size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable

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range

the distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services

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functional zones

the idea that portions of an urban area have specific and distinct purposes

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central business district (CBD)

the commercial heart of the city

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bid-rent theory

explains agricultural land use in central business districts: land in the center of the city will cost more than land farther from the city’s center

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commensal relationship

when commercial interests benefit each other

EX: restaurants and clothing stores having safe zones

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residential zones

areas where people live

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concentric zone model/Burgess model

describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds a CBD

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sector model/Hoyt’s model

describes how different types of land use and housing were all located near a CBD early in a city’s history and gre outward

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Harris and Ullman multiple-nuclei model

studied changes in cities in the 1940s and suggested that functional zonation occurred around multiple centers/nodes

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peripheral model

a variant of the multiple-nuclei model

describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city and served by nodes of commercial activity along a ring road or beltway

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galactic city model

suburban growth results from the increase in built highways and improved transportation in and out of the city

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mosque

the center of an Islamic city

usually surrounded by complex structures to serve the public (schools, soup kitchens)

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citadel

a fort designed to protect the city

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suqs

traditional outdoor markets or covered bazaars

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Griffin-ford model

used to describe Latin American cities

puts a 2-part CBD in the center of the city and a traditional market center adjacent to it

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commercial spine

a spine/corridor of theaters, parks, restaurants

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mall

a growing secondary center that ends a commercial spine

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periferico

the outer ring of the city that shows poverty and lack of infrastructure

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shantytowns

areas of poorly built housing

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favelas/barrios

neighborhoods marked by extreme poverty, homelessness and lawlessness

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disamenity zones

areas that are not connected to city services and under the control of criminals

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traditional CBD

existed before European colonization and has small shops clustered along the streets

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colonial CBD

broad straight avenues and large homes, parks, and administrative centers

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informal economy zone

curbside, car-side, and stall-based businesses that often hire people temporarily and do not follow all regulations

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periodic markets

where small-scale markets congregate weekly or yearly to sell their goods

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informal settlements/squatter settlements

densely populated settlements often on the outskirts of cities

EX: Kibera

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McGee model

describes land use of cities in SE Asia

the focus of the city is often a former colonial port zone

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zoning ordinances

Regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used

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Urban planning

A process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use

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Residential zones

Those areas of a city devoted to where people live rather than to commercial or industrial functions

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Inner city

Residential areas surrounding the CBD

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Residential density gradient

The declining of population and housing unit density as one moves farther from the inner city

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Filtering

A process where houses pass from one social group to another

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Invasion and succession

The process by which one social or ethnic group gradually replaces another through filtering

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Urban Infill

The process of increasing the residential density of an area by replacing open space and vacant, housing with residences

Also reduces urban sprawl on the outer edges of a city

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Suburbanization of business

The movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper and commute for employees are shorter

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Infrastructure

The facilities and systems that serve the population

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Municipal

The local government of a city or town in the services it provides

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Municipality

A local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction

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Annexation

The process of adding land to a city’s legally defined territory

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Incorporation

The act of legally joining together to form a new city

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Bedroom communities

Commuter suburbs

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Unincorporated areas

Populated regions that do not fall within the legal boundary of any city or municipality

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Public transportation

Buses, subways, light rail, and trains that are operated by a government agency

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Sustainability

Using the earths resources, will not causing permanent damage to the environment

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Smart growth policies

Policies used to combat urban sprawl, and create a new vision for cities that are more sustainable and equitable

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Green belts

Areas of undeveloped land around an urban area

Used to limit city’s growth, and preserve farmland

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Slow growth cities

Cities that adopt policies to slow the outward spread of urban areas and place limits on building permits in order to encourage a denser more compact city

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New urban design

A set of strategies used to put smart growth into action within communities

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Mixed use neighborhood

Neighborhood with a mix of homes and businesses

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Transit oriented development TOD

Locates mixed-use residential and business communities near mass transit stops

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Livability

All the characteristics of a community that contribute to the quality of life of the people who live there.