HUGS Unit 6

ecumene

a variety of community types with a range of population densities

rural

farms and villages

low concentrations of people

urban

cities

high concentrations of people

suburbs

primarily residential areas near cities

settlement

a place with a permanent human population

urbanization

an ongoing process that does not end once a city Is formed

percent urban

an indicator of the proportion of the population that lives in cities and towns as compared to those that live in rural areas

site

describes the characteristics at the immediate location

EX: physical features, climate, labor force

situation

refers to the location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places

city-state

consists of an urban center/city and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages

urban hearth

areas generally associated with defensible sites and river valleys in which seasonal floods and fertile soils allowed for an agricultural surplus

urban area

is usually defined as a central city plus land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes, and includes the surrounding suburbs

city

a higher-density area with territory inside officially recognized political boundaries

metropolitan area

metro area

a collection of adjacent cities economically connected across which population density is high and continuous

metropolitan statistical area

another way to define a city

consists of a city of at least 50,000 people

surrounds places with high social and economic integration, and connection

micropolitan statistical area

cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants but less than 50,000

surrounds countries with high degree of integration

nodal region

a focal point in a matrix of connections

social heterogeneity

groups where members have diverse characteristics such as differing races, religions, languages or socioeconomic statuses.

time-space compression

how transportation improvements has led urban growth

Borchert’s transportation model

describes the urban growth based on transportation technology

pedestrian cities

cities shaped by the distances people could walk

streetcar suburbs

communities that grew up along rail lines

often creates a pinwheel shaped city

suburbanization

involves the process of people moving usually from cities to residential areas on the outskirts of cities

sprawl

the rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city and occurs for numerous reasons such as growth of suburbs or lower land costs compared to inner cities

leapfrog development

where developers purchase land and build communities beyond the periphery of the city’s built area

boomburbs

rapidly growing communities that have a total population of over 100,000 people and aren’t the largest city in the metro area

edge cities

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities

counter-urbanization/deurbanization

the counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities

exurbs

the prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs

reurbanization

when some suburbanites return to live in the city

megacities

have a population of more than 10 million people

metacities

hypercities

continuous urban areas with pops greater than 20 million and attributes of a network of urban areas that have grown together

megalopolis

describes a chain of connected cities

conurbation

an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities

world cities/global cities

cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries

EX: New York, London, Paris, Tokyo

urban hierarchy

a ranking based on influence or population size

nodal cities

command centers on a regional and occasionally national level

urban system

an interdependent set of cities that interact on the regional, national, and global scale

rank-size rule

describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region may develop

high-order services

usually expensive

need a large number of people to support

only occasionally utilized

Lower-order services

usually less expensive than higher-order services and require a small population to support

used on daily or weekly basis

primate city

the largest city in an urban system that’s twice as large as the next largest city

more developed that other cities in the area

EX: London and Mexico city

gravity model

the larger and closer places are to each other they will have more interactions than places smaller and farther from each other

central place theory

explains the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region by using consumer behavior to explain the distribution of settlements

central place

a location where people go to receive goods and services

market area

a zone that contains people who will purchase goods or services and surrounds a central place

hexagonal hinterlands

a market area in the shape of a hexagon that allowed for central places of different sizes to distribute themselves in a clean pattern across the region

threshold

the size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable

range

the distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services

functional zones

the idea that portions of an urban area have specific and distinct purposes

central business district (CBD)

the commercial heart of the city

bid-rent theory

explains agricultural land use in central business districts: land in the center of the city will cost more than land farther from the city’s center

commensal relationship

when commercial interests benefit each other

EX: restaurants and clothing stores having safe zones

residential zones

areas where people live

concentric zone model/Burgess model

describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds a CBD

sector model/Hoyt’s model

describes how different types of land use and housing were all located near a CBD early in a city’s history and gre outward

Harris and Ullman multiple-nuclei model

studied changes in cities in the 1940s and suggested that functional zonation occurred around multiple centers/nodes

peripheral model

a variant of the multiple-nuclei model

describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city and served by nodes of commercial activity along a ring road or beltway

galactic city model

suburban growth results from the increase in built highways and improved transportation in and out of the city

mosque

the center of an Islamic city

usually surrounded by complex structures to serve the public (schools, soup kitchens)

citadel

a fort designed to protect the city

suqs

traditional outdoor markets or covered bazaars

Griffin-ford model

used to describe Latin American cities

puts a 2-part CBD in the center of the city and a traditional market center adjacent to it

commercial spine

a spine/corridor of theaters, parks, restaurants

mall

a growing secondary center that ends a commercial spine

periferico

the outer ring of the city that shows poverty and lack of infrastructure

shantytowns

areas of poorly built housing

favelas/barrios

neighborhoods marked by extreme poverty, homelessness and lawlessness

disamenity zones

areas that are not connected to city services and under the control of criminals

traditional CBD

existed before European colonization and has small shops clustered along the streets

colonial CBD

broad straight avenues and large homes, parks, and administrative centers

informal economy zone

curbside, car-side, and stall-based businesses that often hire people temporarily and do not follow all regulations

periodic markets

where small-scale markets congregate weekly or yearly to sell their goods

informal settlements/squatter settlements

densely populated settlements often on the outskirts of cities

EX: Kibera

McGee model

describes land use of cities in SE Asia

the focus of the city is often a former colonial port zone

zoning ordinances

Regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used

Urban planning

A process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use

Residential zones

Those areas of a city devoted to where people live rather than to commercial or industrial functions

Inner city

Residential areas surrounding the CBD

Residential density gradient

The declining of population and housing unit density as one moves farther from the inner city

Filtering

A process where houses pass from one social group to another

Invasion and succession

The process by which one social or ethnic group gradually replaces another through filtering

Urban Infill

The process of increasing the residential density of an area by replacing open space and vacant, housing with residences

Also reduces urban sprawl on the outer edges of a city

Suburbanization of business

The movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper and commute for employees are shorter

Infrastructure

The facilities and systems that serve the population

Municipal

The local government of a city or town in the services it provides

Municipality

A local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction

Annexation

The process of adding land to a city’s legally defined territory

Incorporation

The act of legally joining together to form a new city

Bedroom communities

Commuter suburbs

Unincorporated areas

Populated regions that do not fall within the legal boundary of any city or municipality

Public transportation

Buses, subways, light rail, and trains that are operated by a government agency

Sustainability

Using the earths resources, will not causing permanent damage to the environment

Smart growth policies

Policies used to combat urban sprawl, and create a new vision for cities that are more sustainable and equitable

Green belts

Areas of undeveloped land around an urban area

Used to limit city’s growth, and preserve farmland

Slow growth cities

Cities that adopt policies to slow the outward spread of urban areas and place limits on building permits in order to encourage a denser more compact city

New urban design

A set of strategies used to put smart growth into action within communities

Mixed use neighborhood

Neighborhood with a mix of homes and businesses

Transit oriented development TOD

Locates mixed-use residential and business communities near mass transit stops

Livability

All the characteristics of a community that contribute to the quality of life of the people who live there.