HL BIO Unit 1

What are the origins of life according to the notes?

The origins of life were in water, which serves as a medium for life.

What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?

Electron configuration, specifically the number of electrons in the outermost shell.

What kind of atoms are chemically reactive?

All atoms with incomplete valence shells.

What are London Forces?

Intermolecular forces that exist in all molecules.

What are Dipole-dipole forces?

Forces that exist between polar molecules, involving attraction between a partial positive and a partial negative.

What is a Hydrogen bond?

A strong intermolecular force that forms between molecules containing H-F, H-O, H-N bonds.

What are Ion-dipole interactions?

Interactions that form between an ion and a polar molecule, such as water.

What is Cohesion in terms of water?

Water molecules stick to each other, forming droplets.

What is Adhesion?

The ability of water to stick to other polar objects, exemplified by capillary action in plants.

What does hydrophilic mean?

It describes molecules that are water-loving, typically polar or charged molecules.

What does hydrophobic mean?

It describes molecules that are water-fearing, typically non-polar.

How does blood plasma relate to polarity?

Polar substances dissolve in blood plasma, while non-polar substances are transported by hemoglobin.

What role does hemoglobin play in blood?

Hemoglobin bonds with oxygen from the lungs and releases it through tissues.

What are lipoproteins made of?

Phospholipids that can be polar and non-polar.

What is Buoyancy?

The ability of living things to have an overall density similar to water.

What is Viscosity and how does it relate to water?

Hydrogen bonds in water increase viscosity compared to many organic solvents.

What is Specific Heat Capacity?

The amount of energy required to increase the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

What is the Goldilocks Zone?

The optimal state of the universe for all living things on Earth.

What are carbohydrates composed of?

Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

What is Dehydration in chemical reactions?

The process that removes water.

What is Hydrolysis?

The process that adds water.

What are Redox Reactions?

Reactions where electrons are lost from one atom and gained by another; the atom losing electrons is oxidized.

What are Monosaccharides?

Simple sugars with the general formula (CH2O)n like glucose, fructose, and galactose.

What differentiates Alpha from Beta glucose?

Alpha glucose has an OH down orientation, while Beta glucose has an OH up orientation.

What is the function of glycosidic bonds?

They are formed during anabolic processes to build larger molecules.

What are Disaccharides?

Carbohydrates made of two monosaccharides, such as maltose and sucrose.

What is a Polysaccharide?

A complex carbohydrate composed of long chains of monosaccharide subunits.

What is Amylose?

A form of starch with alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds.

How is Glycogen stored in animals?

Glycogen is stored in muscles and the liver.

What is Cellulose?

A structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.

What are Glycoproteins?

Short chain carbohydrates attached to proteins, important for cell recognition.

What are lipids primarily composed of?

Non-polar molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

What is the main function of triglycerides?

Long-term energy storage.

What are fatty acids?

Carbon chains with a carboxyl group.

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats are straight-chained and solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats have kinks due to double bonds, making them liquid.

What are Phospholipids?

Lipids composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.

What role do waxes play?

Waxes provide waterproof protection for plants and animals.

What are Steroids?

Molecules made up of four fused carbon rings with specific side groups.

What are Proteins?

Polymers composed of amino acid monomers essential for various biological processes.

What is the Primary Structure of a protein?

The specific sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

What is the Quaternary structure of a protein?

The arrangement of two or more folded polypeptides into a final functional protein.

What is a non-conjugated protein?

A protein that consists only of polypeptide subunits.

What does the term 'Proteome' refer to?

All of the proteins produced by a cell, tissue, or organism.

What are Nucleic Acids?

Macromolecules like DNA and RNA made up of nucleotides.

How are nucleotides structured?

Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

What are the types of bonds found in nucleic acids?

Phosphodiester and hydrogen bonds.