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what was the major shortcoming of Rutherford’s model of an atom?
His model didn’t explain how the electrons were distributed through the space surrounding the nucleus and didn’t explain why the negatively charged electrons were not attracted to the positive nucleus.
frequency and wavelength equation
3.00×10^8 = wavelength times frequency
quantum of energy equation
Energy = 6.626×10^-34x frequency
electromagnetic radiation
a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space
wavelength
the distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves
frequency
the number of waves that pass a given point in time.
quantum
the minimum amount of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom
photon
a particle of electromagnetic radiation having zero mass and carrying a quantum of energy
quantum theory
describes mathematically the wave properties of electrons and other very small particles
orbital
an orbital is a 3 dimensional region around the nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron
quantum numbers
specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals
principle quantum number
symbolized by n, indicates the main energy level occupied by the electron
n squared
total number of orbitals in a given shell
angular momentum quantum number
symbolized by L indicates the shape of the orbital.
s orbital
sphere
p orbital
dumbell shape
d orbital
varies
f orbital
varies
magnetic quantum number
symbolized by m indicates the orientation of an orbital around the nucleus
spin quantum number
only has 2 values -1/2 or +1/2. this indicates the 2 fundamental spin states of an electron in an orbital
electron configuration
the arrangement of electrons in an atom
aufbau principle
an electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that can receive it
pauli exclusion principle
no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers
hunds rule
orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin state
periodic law
the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
periodic table
an arrangement of elements in order of their atomic numbers so that elements with similar properties fall in the same column or group
mendeleev
made periodic table in order of atomic mass and properties of elements
moseley
arranged periodic elements based on their atomic numbers
sir william ramsay
discovered noble gases
d block elements
groups 3-12. metals with typical metallic properties. good conductors of electricity and have a high luster. less reactive than group 1 and 2.
p block
groups 13-18. p block and s block are main group elements.
halogens
group 17
atomic radius
may be defined as one half the distance between 2 identical nuclei bonded together.
ion
an ion is an atom or group of bonded atoms that has a positive or negative charge
ionization
any process that results in the formation of an ion
ionization energy
the energy required to remove one electron from a neutral atom of an element
cation
a positive ion
anion
negative ion
electronegativity
a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons from another atom in the compound.