History Study guide 2 24-25

Abraham Lincoln

Received 0 electoral votes in the South during his campaign.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine attacking King George and advocating for American independence.

Declarative Independence

The primary writer of the Declaration of Independence was Thomas Jefferson.

King George Ill

The King of England during the American Revolution.

Abraham Lincoln's Campaign Pledge

Pledged to stop the spread of slavery, not abolish it.

Sugar Act

Legislation that imposed a tax on molasses and other sugar items.

Second Continental Congress

Decided to establish a Continental Army and appoint George Washington as its commander.

Jefferson Davis

Elected president of the Southern states during the Civil War.

William McKinley

Nominee running for president in 1896 from Ohio representing the Republican Party.

George Custer

Colonel who reported gold in the Black Hills, sparking a gold rush.

Chief Red Cloud

A Native American leader who opposed white settlement on the Bozeman Trail.

William Jennings Bryan

Former congressman who endorsed bimetallism in 1896.

Captain Fetterman

Military leader defeated at the Fetterman Massacre.

Crazy Horse

Native American leader who fought against Custer in the Battle of Little Big Horn.

Oliver Hudson Kelley

Founder of the Patrons of Husbandry, known as the Grange.

Sitting Bull

Leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux who resisted signing treaties with the U.S.

Morrill Act

Passed in 1862 and 1890 to provide federal land for agricultural colleges.

Plains Culture

Lifestyle of Native Americans characterized by small villages, hunting, farming, and spirituality.

Homestead Act

Allowed any citizen or intended citizen the ability to claim 160 acres of western land.

Ghost Dance Movement

A Native American spiritual movement predicting the resurrection of deceased family and buffalo.

Great Plains

Region inhabited by Native Americans, extending from the Central U.S. to the far West.

Carlisle School

Forced Native Americans to speak English, dress in white attire, and adopt U.S. values.

Buffalo Soldiers

African American soldiers who fought in Native American wars and later became park rangers.

Ft. Laramie Treaty

Agreement that closed the Bozeman Trail and established Sioux reservations.

Dawes Act

Legislation forcing assimilation of Native Americans by dividing up reservations.

Farmers Alliances

Groups formed to support farmers through education and advocacy for fair lending and railroad regulation.

Bonanza Farm

Large-scale farms focused on growing a single crop.

Gold Standard

Monetary system in which currency value is directly linked to gold.

Wounded Knee Massacre

The final major battle of the Great Plains.

Battle of Little Big Horn

Also known as the Bozeman Trail, where Custer was defeated.

Populism

Movement aimed to address the concerns of farmers and workers through political reforms.

Four Economic Reforms of Populism

Increasing the money supply, implementing graduated income tax, establishing federal loan programs.

Essential Animal for Plain Indians

Buffalo.

Exoduster

African Americans who migrated from the South to Kansas after the Civil War.

Soddy

A home made from prairie turf, which was small and often unsanitary.

Edwin L. Drake

First to use a steam engine to drill for oil, leading to the rise of the oil industry.

Christopher Sholes

Inventor of the typewriter, enabling more women to join the workforce.

Thomas Edison

Inventor of the lightbulb and key figure in the development of modern electrical infrastructure.

George Pullman

Established a factory for railroad sleeper cars.

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the first practical telephone.

Andrew Carnegie

Industrialist who led the development of steel production in the U.S.

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of Standard Oil Company, revolutionizing the petroleum industry.

Samuel Gompers

Labor leader who founded the American Federation of Labor.

Eugene V. Debs

Labor leader and socialist who ran for the presidency multiple times.

Mary Harris Jones

Labor organizer known for her work in women's labor movements.

Bessemer Process

Technique for producing steel by injecting air into molten iron.

Transcontinental Railroad

A railroad that spanned the entire continent of North America.

Credit Mobilier

A scandal involving railroad contractors bribing politicians.

Munn v Illinois

Supreme Court case that upheld the state's right to regulate railroads.

Interstate Commerce Act

Legislation that allowed federal regulation of the railroad industry.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Law that outlawed monopolistic practices and trusts in business.

Pullman Strike

Railroad strike that disrupted transportation and led to federal intervention.

Standard Oil Company

Oil company owned by John D. Rockefeller that monopolized the industry.

Cigar Maker Union

Union that utilized strikes as a tactic under Samuel Gompers' leadership.

Great Strike of 1877

Significant strike involving railroad workers.

Lightbulb Inventor

Thomas Edison was responsible for the invention of the lightbulb.

The Flatiron Building

Designed by Daniel Burnham, an iconic NYC skyscraper.

Booker T. Washington

Prominent African American educator advocating for vocational education.

W.E.B. Du Bois

First African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard.

George Eastman

Inventor of the flexible film used in photography.

Wright Brothers

Inventors of the first successful powered airplane.

Ida B. Wells

Journalist and activist known for her work on racial justice.

Joseph Pulitzer

Newspaper publisher who promoted sensational journalism.

William Randolph Hearst

Media magnate known for increasing the popularity of yellow journalism.

Mark Twain

Influential American author known for his wit and humor.

George Eastman's Contribution

Innovations that simplified photographic development.

New York World

Newspaper owned by Joseph Pulitzer.

Voting Restrictions for African Americans

Included literacy tests and poll taxes.

Primary Belief of Booker T. Washington

Acquiring skills and trades would uplift African Americans.

In NYC, Daniel Burnham Designed

The Flatiron Building.

Plessy v Ferguson Verdict

Established the legality of racial segregation through 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern U.S.

America's Architectural Contribution

The development of skyscrapers.

Grandfather Clause

Allowed individuals to bypass literacy tests if their ancestors had the right to vote.

Poll Tax Definition

Yearly tax required for voting eligibility.

Debt Peonage

System where laborers became slaves to repay debts.

Susan B. Anthony

Leader in the women's suffrage movement.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Key organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention.

Teddy Roosevelt

Progressive president known for trust-busting and conservation efforts.

Woodrow Wilson

Advocated for women's suffrage and social reform during his presidency.

William Howard Taft

President known for cautious reforms and support for higher tariffs.

Prohibition Definition

The banning of certain substances to improve society.

Bull-Moose Party

Progressive political party formed by Teddy Roosevelt.

Wilson's “New Freedom” Plan

Woodrow Wilson's plan for progressive reforms.

Square Deal

Various progressive reforms supported by Teddy Roosevelt.

Goals of Progressivism

Protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement, creating economic reform, fostering efficiency.

YMCA Goal

Associated with promoting social welfare.

Assembly Line Efficiency

Improved production efficiency in industries.

Significance of the 17th Amendment

Established direct election of U.S. senators by the people.

Taft's Background

Constraining as cautious with reforms, supportive of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff.

NWSA Founders

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were key figures.

Cuban Independence Leader

Jose Marti fought for Cuba's liberation from Spain.

George Dewey's Role

Navy commander in the Battle of Manila Bay.

Teddy Roosevelt's Role

President advocating for American imperialism in the late 19th century.

Spanish-American War Overview

Conflict resulting in U.S. acquisition of territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

DeLome Letter's Impact

Fueled American public outrage against Spain before the Spanish-American War.

Teller Amendment Purpose

Promised the U.S. would not annex Cuba.

Platt Amendment Purpose

Allowed U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs.

U.S. Nationality via Spanish-American War

Gained territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Panama Canal Purpose

Facilitated maritime trade and military movement between oceans.