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Empiricism
An approach that views experience as the primary source of knowledge, often seen as a response to skepticism.
A Priori Knowledge
Knowledge that can be obtained without consulting experience (e.g., 'All bachelors are unmarried').
A Posteriori Knowledge
Knowledge that requires consulting experience (e.g., 'Tosh has 47,796 hairs on his head').
Analytic Truths
Truths that are true by virtue of meaning.
Synthetic Truths
Truths that are made true by the way the world is arranged.
Rationalist View on Synthetic Truths
Rationalists argue that we can establish synthetic truths about the world purely through reason (a priori knowledge).
Empiricist View on Synthetic Truths
Empiricists believe that synthetic truths can only be obtained a posteriori.
Tabula Rasa
John Locke's concept of 'blank slate,' suggesting humans are born without innate knowledge, and experience fills this slate.
Argument from Illusion
Senses can be deceptive (e.g., a stick appears bent in water).
Argument from Dreams
Experiences in dreams feel real but are not actually happening.
Argument from Hallucinations
Hallucinations create unreal sensory experiences.
Empiricist Response to Skepticism
Sense experience is generally reliable in healthy individuals under normal conditions, and discrepancies can be resolved using other senses and understanding the situation.
Counter-Argument to Empiricist Response
How do we ensure that we are healthy and in normal conditions, and how can people experiencing hallucinations realize they are hallucinating?