Empiricism Notes

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13 Terms

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Empiricism

An approach that views experience as the primary source of knowledge, often seen as a response to skepticism.

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A Priori Knowledge

Knowledge that can be obtained without consulting experience (e.g., 'All bachelors are unmarried').

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A Posteriori Knowledge

Knowledge that requires consulting experience (e.g., 'Tosh has 47,796 hairs on his head').

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Analytic Truths

Truths that are true by virtue of meaning.

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Synthetic Truths

Truths that are made true by the way the world is arranged.

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Rationalist View on Synthetic Truths

Rationalists argue that we can establish synthetic truths about the world purely through reason (a priori knowledge).

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Empiricist View on Synthetic Truths

Empiricists believe that synthetic truths can only be obtained a posteriori.

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Tabula Rasa

John Locke's concept of 'blank slate,' suggesting humans are born without innate knowledge, and experience fills this slate.

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Argument from Illusion

Senses can be deceptive (e.g., a stick appears bent in water).

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Argument from Dreams

Experiences in dreams feel real but are not actually happening.

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Argument from Hallucinations

Hallucinations create unreal sensory experiences.

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Empiricist Response to Skepticism

Sense experience is generally reliable in healthy individuals under normal conditions, and discrepancies can be resolved using other senses and understanding the situation.

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Counter-Argument to Empiricist Response

How do we ensure that we are healthy and in normal conditions, and how can people experiencing hallucinations realize they are hallucinating?