Fine Art: Music Exam 4

_________ was the new style of composition stressing emotion, imagination, and individuality.

Romanticism

Interest in ________ and ________ was prominent in Romanticism.

fantasy, imagination

Romanticism brought back interest in the _______ ____ and _________.

Middle Ages, Renaissance

The musical capital of the Romantic Period was _______.

Paris

Romanticism had increased interest in the _______ world, e.g. music based off landmarks and landscapes.

natural

Beethoven inspired “_____ artists” everywhere during the Romantic period.

free

A strong middle class in the Romantic period led to the formation of ________ orchestras and music schools/________.

professional, conservatories

The Romantic period also featured ________ (love for one’s country) and _______ (fascination with foreign lands).

nationalism, exoticism

Romanticism stressed self-expression and individual _____.

style

The Romantic period saw the rise of the ________.

Virtuoso

Romanticism: Melodies underwent a ________ transformation throughout the piece.

thematic

Romanticism: Harmonies were ________, allowing composers to create dissonance and instability.`

chromatic

Romanticism: Dynamics extended to the extremes, featuring ________, which is freely speeding up and slowing down, often at the discretion of the performer.

rubato

Romanticism: Forms were ________ (expanded Classical forms) and ________ (very small works for piano/voice).

monumental, miniature

Romantic orchestras were massive, featuring over ____ players.

100

The ______ ______ was invented in 1776, and owning one became a sign of culture in the Romantic Period.

grand piano

The new piano featured a ______ frame, tighter strings, and an extended range.

metal

____ Song was an expressive genre, normally for voice and piano (equal partners). Normally settings of _____ with music.

art, poetry

Franz Schubert was a well-known composer of art song and opera by __ years old.

20

Der Erlkonig was an art song by Schubert based on a German poem by _____. The ______ part indicates the wild ride and the horse’s gallop. The vocal part sings in _____ ranges, each indicating one of the characters.

Goethe, piano, three

An Art Song Cycle is a _________ of art songs centered around a theme.

collection

Robert Schumann had aspirations to become a piano virtuoso but suffered severe mental ______.

illness

Clara Schumann was an actual piano virtuoso who often _______ Robert’s compositions.

performed

________ is an Art Song Cycle by Schumann made up of 16 poems with a unified theme.

Dichterliebe

The first poem of Dichterliebe, “In the lovely month of May,” is in _____ form, which means the same melody is repeated with new text (similar to a hymn).

strophic

The 16th poem of Dichterliebe, “The hateful songs of time past,” is in ______-______ form, which means each stanza of the poem is set to new music.

through-composed

Frederic Chopin was a Polish composer who composed exclusively for ______.

piano

Chopin had a ____ personality and rarely performed in public.

shy

Chopin had a long and passionate relationship with French writer George _____.

Sand

Chopin’s most famous Piano _________ is his Nocturne in F-Sharp, Op. 15, No. 2.

Miniature

________ Music is instrumental music for music’s sake. There is NO intentional story or idea.

Absolute

_______ Music is instrumental music that draws content from an extra-musical source, such as a story, poem, or idea.

Program

4 types of Program Music: Concert ______ was an independent, single-movement composition depicting highlights from a story.

Overture

4 types of Program Music: ____ Poems tell a detailed story through explicit musical events.

Tone

4 types of Program Music: ________ Music was intended to be performed during a staged production.

Incidental

4 types of Program Music: Program _______ were multi-movement symphonies for orchestra that told a story.

symphonies

Hector Berlioz was a ______ composer and attended the Paris Conservatory of Music.

French

Berlioz had very _________ music, with an inner fire, rhythmic drive, and were unexpected/over-the-top.

unconventional

Harriet Smithson inspired Berlioz to write his Symphonie _________.

Fantastique

Berlioz’s beloved in Symphonie Fantastique takes the form of a melody/theme called the ___ ____.

idee fixe

The idee fixe in Symphonie Fantastique undergoes a ________ transformation.

thematic

In Mvt. IV of Symphonie Fantastique, called the March to the _______, the tormented artist has killed his beloved and is marched to the guillotine. He thinks once more of his beloved (idee fixe), but is interrupted by the fall of the blade.

Scaffold

Romantic Opera increased in _________ and scope. It ________ art forms.

popularity, combined

Orchestra became as ________ as the singing in Romantic Opera.

important

Giuseppe ______ is considered the greatest opera composer of all time.

Verdi

Verdi wrote opera for the ________ _______, rather than a particular class.

general public

Verdi’s first successful opera, ________, was his first successful opera and was a metaphor for Italians oppressed by Austria.

Nabucco

Verdi often wrote his operas on ________ subjects, such as murder, rape, suicide, and free love.

scandalous

Verdi’s operas are known for expressive _____ melodies, decreasing differences between recitative and aria, and increasingly ________ writing.

vocal, imaginative

Rigoletto by Verdi is based on a poem by Victor Hugo about a hunchback named Rigoletto, and features the famous aria, “La donna e ______.”

mobile

Giacomo ______ was an Italian composer who was a fan of Verdi from a young age, and found quick success in opera.

Puccini

Puccini’s operas are characterized by ______ or “realism” which means they are true to life and intensely emotional.

verismo

Puccini’s most famous opera is Madama Butterfly, which is set in ______ and features the emotional aria “Un bel di.”

Japan

Puccini also wrote La _______, which was later adapted into the musical Rent.`

Boheme

Richard Wagner was a ________ composer and nationalist.

German

The “Mad” King ______ II supported Wagner financially.

Ludwig

Wagner’s wife, _______ von Bulow (an illegitimate daughter of Franz Liszt), helped him gain the funds for his own specialized opera house in Bayreuth.

Cosima

Wagner built his own opera house, the _______ Opera House, which he called a shrine to himself.

Bayreuth

Wagner’s term for his compositions was ______ ______.

music drama

______ _____ or “Singspiel,” were vocal melodies inspired by the inflection and rhythm of the German language or vernacular.

Speech Songs

The _______ or “Leading Motive” was a brief, recurring musical idea associated with specific characters, places, ideas, and moods, popularized by Wagner.

Leitmotif

The Ring of Nibelung or The Ring Cycle is a 15-hour, 4-part ________ work by Wagner and is considered to be the most ambitious opera ever written.

operatic

The Ring Cycle by Wagner is based on ______ mythology.

Nordic

Die _______ (Act I, Scene I) is the second of the four Ring Cycle operas and is the story of how Siegmund and Sieglinde meet.

Walkure

The public criticized The Ring Cycle as too dissonant with extreme _______, too long, and too boring.

chromaticism

Johannes _______ was born in Germany to a mother who was a seamstress and a father who barely made a living as a double bass player, but taught his son music.

Brahms

Brahms was a very shy and ________ individual.

sensitive

Brahms was a close friend to Robert and Clara ________.

Schumann

Brahms _______ Classical forms and styles with Romantic influences.

reinvented

Brahms style was _______ or “New Classical.”

Neoclassical

Brahm’s Violin Concerto in D was inspired by _____/Roma fiddling style.

Gypsy

Tchaikovsky was a Russian composer who began his career studying ____.

law

Tchaikovsky composed symphonies and ______, most notably The Nutcracker and Swan Lake.

ballets

Tchaikovsky was influenced by Russian _____ songs.

folk

Tchaikovsky’s death remains ________, and no one knows if it was from illness, suicide, or murder.

unsolved

Perhaps his most well-known piece is his Romeo and Juliet Fantasy ________, which has become a staple in pop culture.

Overture

Gustav _____ was born in Czechoslovakia to a Jewish family living near a military base.

Mahler

Mahler’s compositions did not become as popular as he had hoped, so he turned instead to ________.

conducting

Mahler immigrated to _______ and for the rest of his life conducted the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and the New York Philharmonic.

America

Mahler had the _______ and ________ symphonies.

longest, largest

By the end of the 19th century, music is _______ faster and more widespread than ever.

evolving

Three important societal changes led to the style of the 20th century:

Music _______

Accessibility of music ________

________: Recordings, radio, movies, etc.

scholarship, education, technology

The music of the ____ influenced the 20th century music style.

past

Composers turned to ____ music and ________ cultures in the 20th century style.

folk, world

Pop Music and _____ became very popular in the 20th century.

jazz

Tone ____, the search for new timbres and color combinations, became vital in the 20th century.

color

________ began to develop more in the 20th century and inventive new instruments and pieces were created for it.

Percussion

_______ was the biggest shift of the modern era.

Harmony

_______: two chords at once

Polychords

______ _____ (Quartal Harmony): chords built in 4ths.

Fourth chords

____ _____: chords built from notes smashed together in close proximity.

tone clusters

________: two keys at once

bitonality

________: many keys at once

polytonality

________: no tonal center at all

atonality

In the 20th century, melody was ________ and no longer tied to tonal harmony or traditional chord progressions.

irregular

In the 20th century, rhythm was __________.

unpredictable

A new type of music, _________ music, was created in the 20th century which allowed for a whole new world of timbres.

electronic

Mahler’s Symphony No. 1 (Titan) was inspired by ________ Symphony No. 6.

Beethoven’s

In the 20th century, composers utilized persistently repeated rhythmic motives called _________ and stacked groups of two or more independent rhythms to create ________.

ostinatos, polyrhythms

Claude Debussy was a _____ composer and studied at the Paris Conservatory.

French