Emotions and sexual behavior

Components of Emotion

Cognition

Readiness for action

Feeling

Suggests that the autonomic arousal and skeletal action occurs first in an emotion. The emotion that is felt is the label that we give the arousal of the organs and muscle.

James Lange Theory

1. According to the James-Lange theory, which occurs first in an emotion?

   a) Cognitive appraisal

   b) Autonomic arousal and skeletal action

   c) Emotional expression

   d) Conscious interpretation

B

1. How does the James-Lange theory explain the experience of emotions?

   a) Emotions are purely psychological responses.

   b) Emotions are primarily determined by cognitive processes.

   c) Emotions are labels we give to physiological reactions.

   d) Emotions arise from social interactions.

C.

Which of the following best summarizes the James-Lange theory?

a) Emotions result from a simultaneous activation of physiological responses and cognitive appraisal.

b) Emotions occur due to the interpretation of environmental stimuli.

c) Emotions are the result of physiological responses, with the cognitive interpretation following afterward.

d) Emotions are entirely predetermined by genetic factors.

C.

How does the James-Lange theory differentiate between emotions?

a) Based on cognitive evaluations

b) Through the intensity of physiological arousal

c) By the specific patterns of autonomic arousal and skeletal action

d) By the external triggers that induce emotional responses

C.

If James Lange’s theory focuses on the role of autonomic and skeletal responses in feeling and labeling emotions, what are its proposed implications?

• People with weak skeletal and autonomic responses will feel less intense emotions

• Increasing one’s response (Skeletal and autonomic) will increase emotions

True or False: Individuals with damage to the spinal cord generally report experiencing emotions differently compared to before their injury.

False

Which of the following best describes the reported emotional experiences of individuals with spinal cord damage?

a) They experience emotions more intensely than before their injury.

b) Their emotional experiences are mostly unchanged compared to before their injury.

c) They no longer experience emotions after their injury.

d) Their emotional experiences are more unpredictable after their injury.

B

1. Based on the information provided about patients that suffered injury to their spinal cords, what inference can be made about the relationship between movement feedback and emotions?

   a) Movement feedback is crucial for experiencing emotions.

   b) Movement feedback and emotional experience are not necessarily dependent on one another.

   c) Movement feedback is only partially related to emotional experiences.

   d) Movement feedback is inversely related to emotional experiences.

B. Emotions is not dependent on movement feedback

True or False: Individuals with spinal cord damage experience changes in heart rate but not facial expressions.

False

1. According to the text, what aspect of emotional experience remains intact in individuals with spinal cord damage?

   a) Sensations

   b) Voluntary movements

   c) Facial expressions

   d) Cognitive appraisal

C.

Someone with this condition does not react to stressful experiences with changes in heart rate, blood pressure, or sweating.

Pure Autonomic Failure

How do people with pure autonomic failure react to emotions

Less intense than before

temporarily paralyzed all the facial muscles

BOTOX (botulinum Toxin)

People with BOTOX reports experiencing emotions in what way?

Weaker in short-term videos but is normal when exposed to long-format videos

People with Botox report that they feel emotions weaker in short-term videos. This suggests that…..

A. Emotions generally stayed the same despite the body modification

B. Feeling how our body reacts to stimulus is unrelated to emotions

C. Perceiving how your body reacts is important in feeling emotions

C.

What are the conclusions derived from the testaments from people with:

Spinal Cord Damage

Pure Autonomic Failure

BOTOX patients

Spinal Cord Damage - Generally the same as before but they can still react through their heart rate and facial expression. Suggests that emotions is not dependent on feedback from movement

Pure Autonomic Failure - Reported that they feel emotions less intensely than before.

Botox - Feel emotions weaker with short-term videos. Suggests that feeling the changes in our body in response to stimuli is important in feeling emotions.

physiological arousal sufficient for emotions

True or False

False: It is seldom sufficient but it can intensify emotions of both pleasant and unpleasant

objected that feedback from the viscera is neither necessary nor sufficient for emotion, that it does not distinguish one emotion from another, and that it is too slow to account for how fast we identify an event as happy, sad, or frightening.

Walter Cannon

includes the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus –traditionally been regarded as critical for emotion.

Limbic System

Parts of the cerebral cortex that are active during intense emotional experience

Frontal lobe and Temporal lobe

During aggression, the brain releases

Serotonin

Clinical depression is linked to __________
Inhibited impulses is attributed to ______________

Low serotonin

High serotonin

Output from the _________ to the ________ controls autonomic fear responses.

Amygdala; Hypothalamus

Axons extending from the _______ to the ________ regulate approach and avoidance responses.

Amygdala; prefrontal cortex

Axons extending from the amygdala to the prefrontal cortex regulate ________ responses.

Approach and avoidance

A part of the temporal lobe that is important in the experience of emotions for it provides a link between the perception of an emotion-producing stimulus and the recall of that stimulus leading to a conditioned response later on.

Amygdala

Amygdala is important in the experience of emotions for it provides a link between the perception of an emotion producing stimulus and the recall of that stimulus later leading to a conditioned response later on. Damage to the amygdala interferes with?

1) L

2) R

3) I

1. Learning fear responses

2. Retention of fear responses previously learned

3. Interpreting or understanding stimuli with emotional consequence

True or False: The amygdala, located in the brain's temporal lobe, is not involved in the experience of emotions.

False

Which of the following best describes the role of the amygdala in emotional experience?

a) Providing a link between perception of an emotion-producing stimulus and the recall of that stimulus later.

b) Initiating the motor responses associated with emotions.

c) Controlling cognitive appraisal of emotional stimuli.

d) Regulating hormonal responses to emotional situations

A.

1. Damage to the amygdala primarily interferes with which aspect of emotional processing?

   a) Learning of fear responses

   b) Expression of fear responses

   c) Interpretation of non-emotional stimuli

   d) Formation of long-term memories

A

True or False: The amygdala's role is limited to the retention of fear responses previously learned.

False: Retention, perception, Recall

1. According to the text, what does damage to the amygdala interfere with?

   a) The learning of fear responses

   b) The retention of fear responses previously learned

   c) Interpreting or understanding stimuli with emotional consequences

   d) All of the above

D.

True or False: Damage to the amygdala in humans leads to the complete loss of emotion.

False

6. What aspect of emotional information processing is impaired by damage to the amygdala when signals are subtle or complicated?

   a) Recognition of basic emotions

   b) Regulation of emotional responses

   c) Processing of emotional information

   d) Expression of emotional behaviors

C.

6. How does damage to the amygdala affect the ability to judge "trustworthiness" in people?

   a) Enhances the ability to judge trustworthiness accurately

   b) Does not affect the ability to judge trustworthiness

   c) Impairs the ability to judge trustworthiness

   d) Increases sensitivity to subtle social cues

C.

6. What aspect of attention is affected in individuals with amygdala damage?

   a) Increased focus on emotional stimuli

   b) Selective attention to relevant emotional cues

   c) Reduced attention to emotional stimuli

   d) Equal attention to emotional and irrelevant stimuli

D

11. How does damage to the amygdala affect the ability to recognize emotions specifically in photographs or pictures?

    a) It enhances the recognition of emotions, particularly fear and disgust.

    b) It has no effect on the recognition of emotions in visual stimuli.

    c) It impairs the recognition of emotions, particularly fear and disgust.

    d) It selectively impairs the recognition of positive emotions.

C.

Which emotions are particularly affected by amygdala damage when recognizing emotions in photographs or pictures?

a) Happiness and sadness

b) Anger and surprise

c) Fear and disgust

C.

True or False: Amygdala damage affects the ability to recognize fear in real-life situations.

False

11. How does the effect of amygdala damage on recognizing fear in real life differ from its effect on recognizing fear in photographs or pictures, according to the provided information?

    a) It is stronger in real-life situations.

    b) It is weaker in real-life situations.

    c) It is inconsistent across situations.

    d) It has no difference across situations.

A.

How do genetic variations in amygdala arousal potentially relate to anxiety and related disorders in the population?

a) They have no impact on anxiety disorders.

b) They contribute to reduced anxiety levels.

c) They may underlie variations in anxiety levels and related disorders.

d) They exclusively influence positive emotions.

C

True or False: Arousal of the amygdala is primarily associated with the tendency to experience positive emotions.

False

16. Which statement accurately describes the relationship between amygdala arousal and fear and anxiety disorders?

    a) Hypoactivity in the amygdala is associated with excessive fear and anxiety disorders.

    b) Hyperactivity in the amygdala is associated with excessive fear and anxiety disorders.

    c) Amygdala arousal has no connection with fear and anxiety disorders.

    d) Excessive fear and anxiety disorders lead to hypoactivity in the amygdala.

B

16. What role does hyperactivity in the amygdala play in individuals with excessive fear and anxiety disorders?

    a) It reduces the likelihood of experiencing fear and anxiety.

    b) It is unrelated to the presence of fear and anxiety disorders.

    c) It is associated with heightened fear and anxiety responses.

    d) It regulates positive emotions in individuals with anxiety disorders.

C.

Hippocampus plays a role in the _______ and ______ of the HPA

stress response and regulation

Difference between fear and anxiety

Quick to subside, caused by an immediate stimuli

Caused by an uncertain event (stimuli), generally more long lasting

Fear - Quick to subside, caused by an immediate stimuli
Anxiety - Caused by an uncertain event (stimuli), generally more long lasting