Made up of histones and DNA, only visible prior to cell division.
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Sister chromatids
Two copies of an exact chromatid, which lie parallel and are joined in the middle.
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Centromere
Join sister chromatids together.
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Ploidy level
Number of complete sets of chromosomes in an organism.
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Haploid number
Number of chromosomes in a complete set.
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Diploid
Two sets of homologous chromosomes.
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Polyploid
Organisms with more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
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n
Symbol for haploid number.
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Interphase
Phase of the cell cycle where growth and synthesis occur.
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Mitosis
Type of cell division where two genetically identical daughter nuclei are produced.
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Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.
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Prophase
Longest of the four stages of the cell cycle stages, where chromosomes condense and spindle fibres are produced.
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Protein microtubules
Formed by the centrioles to produce spindle fibres.
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Spindle fibres
Extend from pole to pole, and pull chromatids apart.
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Metaphase
Relatively short stage where the centromeres of the chromatids attach to the spindle fibres in a line.
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Anaphase
Stage of the cell cycle where the centromeres divide and are pulled to the poles centromere first.
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Telophase
Final stage of the cell cycle, when the nuclear envelope reforms around the chromosomes.
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Meiosis
Type of cell division four genetically diverse daughter cells are produced.
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Bivalents
Pairs of homologous chromosomes, with one maternal and one paternal, formed through synapsis.
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Synapsis
Process of forming bivalents.
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Chiasma
Place where equivalent segments of DNA are exchanged.
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Crossing over
Term for equivalent segments of DNA exchanging across a chiasma, happens during prophase 1.
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Independent assortment
Bivalents lining up at the equator randomly, therefore a randomised combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes going into each daughter cell. Occurs during metaphase 1 and 2.
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Cleavage furrow
How cytokinesis occurs in animals, formed when the mother cell pinches inwards.
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Cell plate
How cytokinesis happens in plants, formed when carbohydrate containing vesicles collect on the equator and extend outwards, forming a lamella.
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Mitopic index
Percentage of cells currently going through mitosis.
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Chromatin
Made from DNA and is wrapped around histones to make a chromosome.
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Nucleosome
A single histone wrapped with chromatin, many of these make a chromosome.
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Homologous pairs
One chromosome is from the mother and one from the father, also known as matching pairs. Occurs in diploid species.
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Middle lamalla
Occurs in plant cells. When the cell plate extends across the cell due to cellulose building up on each side.
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Tumour suppressor genes
Genes that prevent rapid replication, which can cause tumours.
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Proto-oncogenes
Tumour supressor genes before alteration that makes them cause cancer
Studied by 30 people
Note 
Flashcard (124)