AP exam 2

anxiety disorders

• persistent anxiety and worries across all situations

• very painful but not dangerous

• pervasive treatment

anxiety disorder symptoms

freezing, decrease in performance, self doubt, easily triggered because of stimulus generalization

treatments for anxiety disorders

pervasive treatments

needs gradual reassurance, exposure and cognitive therapy to treat 

generalized anxiety disorder

free floating anxiety not attached to anything 

panic disorder

real panic in the body that comes from nowhere; uncured panic

associated with agoraphobia

after the reaction is conditioned the sympathetic nervous system fires like crazy 

types of phobias 

social phobia 

aerophobia: flying

Arachnophobia: spiders

Claustrophobia: small spaces

Haematophobia: blood

Nyctophobia: dark

agoraphobia: fear of public spaces

somatoform disorders

bodily symptoms but no physical cause 

hypochondriasis

think they are always sick but are not

conversion disorder

loss of feeling in part of body but no etiology

anna o

major depressive disorders

dysthymia disorder

major depressive disorder

bipolar 1 and 2

dysthymia disorder

low depression thats always there

low grade temp, fever that never goes away

TREATMENT: anti depressants and cognitive therapy 

major depressive disorder 

autonomous, independent aspect taking over life 

suicide ideation 

*needs intervention; biochemical 

SSRI medication

learned helplessness 

bipolar 1

one major depressive episode and one manic episode 

grandiose ideas- superiority beliefs 

manic phases 

bipolar 2

increased manic episodes

fast talking

no sleeping 

hypomania

TREATMENT: lithium base, blood levels need to be drawn 

efficiency/ issues of cognitive therapy 

80-90% effective

high attrition rate 

agitated

mixed with anxiety, high in energy, crying, agitated and sad

retarded

slow thinking and behavior, decreased movement

exogenous

reactive or situational, depression caused by situations in life changes

endogenous

is there a chemical strain in the family

response dimensions

continuums : low to high

agitated vs retarded

exogenous vs endogenous 

frequency, intensity and duration

PTSD

SNS goes up; fight or flight

amygdala goes up 

psychophysiological state goes up 

little t/ classic form

less severe but similar to ptsd

5 effects of ptsd

intrusive memories,

avoidance of trauma reminders,

negative changes in mood and thinking,

and heightened arousal and reactivity

fight, flight or freeze

happens when the amygdala is too highly calibrated 

amyloid protein

type of protein that can form insoluble, fibrous deposits in various tissues and organs in the body

progressive dementia

continuous and irreversible worsening of symptoms

insidious dementia

gradual progression of symptoms

cognitive triad

negative thoughts about yourself (i hate myself), the world (the world is unfair) and the future (nothing will ever get better)

deficits in vascular dementia

problems with executive function, attention, and visual memory

Aaron t Beck

orginator of cognitive therapy

flooding

intense exposure to stimuli

complex ptsd

big t

develops after prolonged exposure to abuse or trauma

so many little ts become big t 

make non verbal memory narrative

dementias

memory loss and cognitive dysfunction that creates cognitive decline

• loss of memory, executive functioning, language, attention and visual-spatial function 

general category 

alzheimers 

gradual decline of memory; brain cells die over time and causes brain to shrink

possibly caused by age, genetics or heart health 

bell ringers in early stages: short term memory loss, divided attention, confrontation naming

TREATMENTSL aircpt, exxeleon, namenda  

vascular dementia

impaired supply of blood flow that impairs memory

CAUSED by small strokes 

small vessel ischemia

starts with vascular ischemia

changes in the small vessels of your brain

can lead to vascular dementia

focal ischemia

blood clot blocks a cerebral vessel

infarcts

small localized area of dead tissue resulting from failure of the blood supply

lewy body

build up of proteins in the brain

effects thinking and moving 

parkingsons

progressive movement disorder in the nervous system, neuron cells weaken and die

huntingtons chorea dementia

uncontrollable dance like movements along with abnormal behavior, emotions, thinking and personality 

OCD

must have a psychiatrist 

exposure therapy 

intense treatment 

howard hues

had ocd

imagined germs and infections

so intense he believed that life carried germs so he hired help

sat in a dark room and didnt eat 

robert

ocd with contamination

rituals began with showers 

overuse of toiletries

over usage of dryers 

started self harming 

used exposure therapy 

chris

presented at strep, choked if something bad happened

even numbers were good

no cracks 

went to ocd program 

DID

main personality (protector)

other personalities are called altered 

treated by group and individual therapy ''

can be a result from extreme childhood abuse 

social anxiety disorder 

avoids social situations and has extreme fears surrounding them

generalized anxiety disorder

involves excessive, hard to control worry about many aspects of life

OCD

repetitive intrusive thoughts that disturb daily life which turn into obsessions

exposure therapy

main treatment for phobias and ocd

slowing exposing someone to triggers 

negative forecasting

cognitive distortion

person predicts future events will turn out badly 

cognitive therapy

type of psychotherapy

helps people identify/change unhelpful thought patterns '

replacing negative thinking and replacing it with more balanced thoughts 

used to treat anxiety and depression disorders 

alexithymia

a personality trair characterized by difficulties in identifying, understanding and expressing emotions

you cannot put what you feel into words 

seligmans model of depression

depressed people have learned to be helpless

implicit memory

unconcious memory that influences behavior and skills without awareness

explicit memory

intentional recall of thoughts or ideas